Growth of Mn2+, Co2+ and Ni2+-doped near-stoichiometric LiNbO3 by Bridgman method using K2O flux

Influence of Li and Nb ratios on the defect structure and exposure energy in LiNbO3:Fe:Mn:Zr crystals

“…It is well accepted that intrinsic defects anti-site Nb defects (Nb ions occupying Li sites) and Li vacancies in LiNbO 3 crystals are the main causes to the light-induced scattering [12,13]. It is suggested that with the increase of Li/Nb ratios, the number of intrinsic defects will decrease remarkably and hence result in good optical properties [14][15][16]. * Corresponding author.…”

Subsolidus phase relations and the crystallization region of LiNbO3 in the system Li2O–B2O3–Nb2O5

“…It was further modified by Kitamura et al [4,5] that led to the development of the double crucible Czochralski Method, by which a Ø 40 mm × (50-100) mm SLN with the lithium concentration 49.6-49.9 mol% has been successfully grown. Adding alkaline additives such as K 2 O or Cs 2 O into the melt were proved to be beneficial for SLN crystallizing [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. In addition, the vapor transport equilibration technique has been developed to change the Li/Nb ratio, by which a near-stoichiometric LN (49.9 mol% Li) [13][14][15][16] can be obtained for thin crystal samples.…”