Growth of the human cranial base

Objective: To examine the expression pattern of the Fgf and Msx genes in cranial base development. Materials and Methods:To detect the expression of these genes, antisense riboprobes were synthesized by in vitro transcription. Radioactive in situ hybridization was performed on parasagittal sections of embryonic mouse heads. Results: Msx2 was observed in the underlying perichondrium at restricted stages. Msx1 was not observed in cranial base development. Fgf1 was localized in osteogenic cells from the time of ossification; Fgf10 was highly expressed in the occipital-vertebral joint during E13 to E14; Fgf2, Fgf7, and Fgf18 were localized in the perichondria; Fgf12 was transitorily expressed at early chondrocranium; Fgf9 was seen in the hypertrophic chondrocytes. Conclusions:The Fgf and Msx gene expression in the cranial base was different from that of other skeletons.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmentally Regulated Expression of Msx1, Msx2 and Fgfs in the Developing Mouse Cranial Base

Nie

2006

“…16,[20][21][22]25,29,[34][35][36] In addition, there were variable changes in length and angulation among and between all stages of development. 13,27 Knott observed that the largest absolute change in linear dimension over a 9-year period, from ages 6 to 15, occurred in the postsphenoid region with an annual average of 1 mm.…”

Section: Results Of Individual Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The more significant differential growth rates tended to correlate with pubertal growth spurts and growth potential. 16,20,27,28 A calculated length change over a 9-year period (ages 6-15) was shown. 35 All these studies supported this relationship between S-Ba length increase with activity of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis, since their study periods took place before the estimated closure of the synchondrosis at about age 11-18, based on laminagraphy, autopsy, and serial sections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Posterior cranial base natural growth and development: A systematic review

Currie

Sawchuk

Saltaji³

et al. 2017

Objective: To provide a synthesis of the published studies evaluating the natural growth and development of the human posterior cranial base (S-Ba). Materials and Methods: The search was performed on MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and all EBM Reviews electronic databases. In addition, reference lists of the included studies were handsearched. Articles were included if they analyzed posterior cranial-base growth in humans specifically. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were completed in duplicate. A meta-analysis was not justified. Results: Finally, 23 published studies were selected: 5 cross-sectional and 18 cohort studies. Articles were published between 1955 and 2015, and all were published in English. The sample sizes varied between 20 and 397 individuals and consisted of craniofacial measurements from either living or deceased human skulls. Validity of the measurements was not determined in any of the studies, while six papers reported some form of reliability assessment. All the articles included multiple time points within the same population or data from multiple age groups. Growth of S-Ba was generally agreed to be from spheno-occipital synchondrosis growth. Basion displaced downward and backward and sella turcica moved downward and backward during craniofacial growth. Timing of cessation of S-Ba growth was not conclusive due to limited identified evidence. Conclusions: Current evidence suggests that S-Ba is not totally stable, as its dimensions change throughout craniofacial growth and a minor dimensional change is observed even in late adulthood.

“…This serves as an important link between the development of the cranial vault and the facial skeleton. [1][2][3][4] Disturbance in their development causes abnormalities in the craniofacial region such as Apert syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, craniosynostosis syndromes, cleidocranial dysplasia, and cleft palate. 3 The synchondrosis develops from a cartilaginous template known as the chondrocranium which eventually is replaced by bone through endochondral ossification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Expression of SOX9 and Type II Collagen in Spheno-Occipital Synchondrosis of Mice after Mechanical Tension Stimuli

Cendekiawan

Wong

Rabie

2008

Objective: To associate the expressions of SOX9 and type II collagen during growth in the synchondrosis with and without tensile stress in order to understand the role of these factors in the growth of cartilage in spheno-occipital synchondrosis. Materials and Methods: Sixty 1-day-old male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Each group was subdivided again into five different time points which were 6, 24, 48, 72, and 168 hours. Each subgroup consisted of five mice. Each mouse was sacrificed using an overdose of pentobarbitone sodium. The synchondroses were aseptically removed and incubated in a 24-well plate with or without tensile stress in tissue culture. Tissue sections were stained immunohistochemically to quantitatively analyze the expression of SOX9 and type II collagen. Results: There was a statistically significant increase of 57% (P Ͻ .001) in the expression of SOX9 between the experimental and control groups at 24 hours, followed by a significant increase of 44.4% (P Ͻ .001) in the expression of type II collagen at 72 hours. Conclusions: SOX9 may play an important role for early differentiation of chondrocytes and increase the expression of type II collagen, a major component of the extracellular matrix, during the growth of cartilage in the spheno-occipital synchondrosis.