Growth of the Tongariro volcanic complex: New evidence from K‐Ar age determinations

Hobden, Barbara J.; Houghton, B. F.; Lanphere, Marvin A.; Nairn, I. A.

doi:10.1080/00288306.1996.9514701

Cited by 67 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Lavas from this mountain have been dated at c. 800 ka (Hackett 1985;Cameron et al 2010), and topographic profiles across the mountain suggest that the now-eroded summit vent may have been over 2000 m asl (Hackett 1985). The oldest exposed parts of Mount Tongariro, a volcanic complex consisting of several overlapping volcanoes, are c. 275,000 years old (Hobden et al 1996). Mount Ngauruhoe, a cone on the southern flank of the Tongariro volcanic complex, is only c. 2500 years old.…”

Section: Million Years Agomentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire and slice: palaeogeography for biogeography at New Zealand's North Island/South Island juncture

Trewick

Bland

2012

Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand

114

135

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A prominent feature of New Zealand biogeography is that species endemicity and diversity is not evenly distributed but shows an alternating pattern of latitudinal variation. Endemicity is generally highest in South Island and northern North Island and low in southern North Island. A prominent landscape feature that is partly correlated with this is Cook Strait, which separates the two main islands of New Zealand and marks the southern boundary of a region that interests biogeographers and geologists alike. This region encompasses a zone of intense tectonic strain related to the transfer of plate convergence via subduction into oblique-slip and strike-slip faulting. We review geological information and provide new palaeogeographic reconstructions of the area that depict changes in the distribution of mountains, the extent to which southern North Island was under the ocean, and the history of marine straits over the last 4 million years. This information is essential for the development of testable biogeographic hypotheses. We find that the Wellington region was formerly connected to the relatively mountainous Marlborough area, and more distant than today from the northern island of the time. Significant topography in the Kaimanawa Range is probably of Early Pliocene age. However, the Ruahine-Tararua ranges and Taranaki-Taupo volcanics have formed since c. 1 Ma. The implications for the biogeography of central New Zealand are considerable in terms of habitat availability for establishment of terrestrial species and opportunities for range shifting of both terrestrial and coastal organisms.

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Section: Million Years Agomentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire and slice: palaeogeography for biogeography at New Zealand's North Island/South Island juncture

Trewick

Bland

2012

Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand

114

135

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“…1; Eaves, 2015). Further constraints on the timing of moraine formation and ice extent at the LGM are provided by the age and distribution of pre-, syn-, and post-LGM lava flow emplacement (Hobden et al, 1996;Gamble et al, 2003;Price et al, 2012;Conway et al, 2015;Conway et al, 2016) and the stratigraphic relationship of these flows to both moraines and glaciated valleys.…”

Section: Last Glacial Maximum Ice Extent In the Central North Islandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these manual glacial reconstructions are hampered by the paucity of geomorphic evidence to constrain past ice thickness on the upper mountain, which can lead to errors in palaeo-ELA estimates (Rea et al, 1999). Furthermore, localised topographic changes resulting from effusive post-glacial volcanism (Hobden et al, 1996;Conway et al, 2016), as well as post-glacial flank collapse (Palmer and Neall, 1989;Eaves et al, 2015), also contribute uncertainty to glacier reconstructions. In this paper, we use numerical glacier model experiments to investigate the LGM climate of the central North Island, New Zealand, in order to answer the following questions:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Last Glacial Maximum in the central North Island, New Zealand: palaeoclimate inferences from glacier modelling

et al. 2016

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Abstract. Quantitative palaeoclimate reconstructions provide data for evaluating the mechanisms of past, natural climate variability. Geometries of former mountain glaciers, constrained by moraine mapping, afford the opportunity to reconstruct palaeoclimate, due to the close relationship between ice extent and local climate. In this study, we present results from a series of experiments using a 2-D coupled energy balance-ice flow model that investigate the palaeoclimate significance of Last Glacial Maximum moraines within nine catchments in the central North Island, New Zealand. We find that the former ice limits can be simulated when present-day temperatures are reduced by between 4 and 7 • C, if precipitation remains unchanged from present. The spread in the results between the nine catchments is likely to represent the combination of chronological and model uncertainties. The majority of catchments targeted require temperature decreases of 5.1 to 6.3 • C to simulate the former glaciers, which represents our best estimate of the temperature anomaly in the central North Island, New Zealand, during the Last Glacial Maximum. A decrease in precipitation of up to 25 % from present, as suggested by proxy evidence and climate models, increases the magnitude of the required temperature changes by up to 0.8 • C. Glacier model experiments using reconstructed topographies that exclude the volume of post-glacial (< 15 ka) volcanism generally increased the magnitude of cooling required to simulate the former ice limits by up to 0.5 • C. Our palaeotemperature estimates expand the spatial coverage of proxy-based quantitative palaeoclimate reconstructions in New Zealand. Our results are also consistent with independent, proximal temperature reconstructions from fossil groundwater and pollen assemblages, as well as similar glacier modelling reconstructions from the central Southern Alps, which suggest air temperatures were ca. 6 • C lower than present across New Zealand during the Last Glacial Maximum.

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“…In the TgVC Mt Tongariro is a complex, 60 km 2 edifice comprising at least 17 overlapping vents [30]. Activity at Tongariro began at about 250-275 ka [31] and growth of the individual Tongariro cones was rapid, occurring over a 10 ka to 50 ka period [30]. The younger eruption episodes have occurred along a NE-SE trend from North Crater, Red Crater and Ngauruhoe [32].…”

Section: Tongariro Volcanic Centrementioning

confidence: 99%

Andesites as Magmatic Liquids or Liquid-crystal Mixtures; Insights from Egmont and Ruapehu Volcanoes, New Zealand Research Article

Stewart¹

2010

Open Geosciences

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Late Quaternary andesitic magmas in New Zealand contain complexly zoned antecrysts and glomerocrysts that are not in equilibrium with either the host whole rock compositions or siliceous groundmass glass and glass inclusions. Glass inclusions represent partial melts of mafic to gabbroic cumulates in the lower crust that mix with restite crystals, or cumulates from earlier magma batches. Assimilation of partial melts of mid-crustal rocks, represented by glass in crustal xenoliths, contributes a crustal component to the andesites. Magmas at Egmont are stored at about the brittle/ductile transition at about 10 km depth and variability in the composition of erupted material is a function of the composition of the recharging magma, and which parts of the storage system are tapped during the eruption. At Taranaki recharge occurs on a c. 1400 year cycle while interactions within the storage give rise to shorter period events. A similar process on a less well constrained timescale operates at Ruapehu. Andesites are therefore complex mixtures of fractionated mantle basalts, siliceous partial melts of both the lower crust and underplated cumulates, restite and cumulate crystals. Further modification occurs by interaction with partial melts of lower to middle crustal basement as geotherms increase with time.

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Growth of the Tongariro volcanic complex: New evidence from K‐Ar age determinations

Abstract: New K-Ar age determinations indicate that the exposed portion of the Tongariro volcanic complex has grown steadily since at least 275 ka, with intervals of vigorous cone growth at 210-200, 130-70, and 25 ka to the present day.

Cited by 67 publications

References 4 publications

Fire and slice: palaeogeography for biogeography at New Zealand's North Island/South Island juncture

Fire and slice: palaeogeography for biogeography at New Zealand's North Island/South Island juncture

The Last Glacial Maximum in the central North Island, New Zealand: palaeoclimate inferences from glacier modelling

Andesites as Magmatic Liquids or Liquid-crystal Mixtures; Insights from Egmont and Ruapehu Volcanoes, New Zealand Research Article

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