Growth of titania and tin oxide from Ti₂SnC via rapid thermal oxidation in air for lithium‐ion battery application

Abstract

Herein, we report the synthesis of TiO2–SnO2–C/carbide hybrid electrode materials for Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) via two different methods of controlled oxidation of layered Ti2SnC. The material was partially oxidized in an open‐air furnace (OAF) or using a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) approach to obtain the desired TiO2–SnO2–C/carbide hybrid material; the carbide phase encompassed both residual Ti2SnC and TiC as a reaction product. We tested the oxidized materials as an anode in a half cell to investigate their electrochemical performance in LIBs. Analysis of the various oxidation conditions indicated the highest initial lithiation capacity of 838 mAh/g at 100 mA/g for the sample oxidized in the OAF at 700°C for 1 h. Still, the delithiation capacity dropped to 427 mAh/g and faded over cycling. Long‐term cycling demonstrated that the RTA sample treated at 800°C for 30 s was the most efficient, as it demonstrated a reversible capacity of around 270 mAh/g after 150 cycles, as well as a specific capacity of about 150 mAh/g under high cycling rate (2000 mA/g). Given the materials’ promising performance, this processing method could likely be applied to many other members of the MAX family, with a wide range of energy storage applications.

Highly reversible Ti/Sn oxide nanocomposite electrodes for lithium ion batteries obtained by oxidation of MAX Ti3AlxSn1-xC2 phases

“…[33][34][35][36] In this work we propose an innovative way to overcome the issues listed before, which has also been independently followed in a recent study on the similar Ti2SnC MAX system. [37] Such a method combine the benefit of avoiding the harmful etching treatment necessary for the MXenes synthesis and is able to generate a new MAX phase-based nanostructured composite material with increased specific capacity with respect to simple MAX and more durable long-term stability upon charging and discharging not only compared to pure SnO2 but also to its composites with MXenes. [29] Here we report the results on the two Sn-doped Ti3AlC2 MAX phase systems, synthesized via Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) with a Ti3Al(1x)SnxC2 formula, with nominal x = 0.4 and 0.7 [38][39][40] .…”

Highly Reversible Ti/Sn Oxide Nanocomposite Electrodes for Lithium Ion Batteries Obtained by Oxidation of Ti3Al(1‐x)SnxC2 Phases

“…[33][34][35][36] In this work we propose an innovative way to overcome the issues listed before, which has also been independently followed in a recent study on the similar Ti 2 SnC MAX system. [37] Such a method combines the benefit of avoiding the harmful etching treatment necessary for the MXenes synthesis and is able to generate a new MAX phase-based nanostructured composite material with increased specific capacity with respect to simple MAX and more durable long-term stability upon charging and discharging not only compared to pure SnO 2 but also to its composites with MXenes. [29] Here we report the results on the two Sn-doped Ti 3 AlC 2 MAX phase systems, synthesized via spark plasma sintering (SPS) with a Ti 3 Al (1-x) Sn x C 2 formula, with nominal x = 0.4 and 0.7.…”

Dual-Phase Structure through Selective Etching of the Double A-Element MAX Phase in Lewis Acidic Molten Salts

“…The mass of Ti 2 SnC started to increase at 300 °C, and the curve stabilized at 770 °C, with a total increase of 34.6% at the end of the mass gain. This indicates that Ti 2 SnC was oxidized to form TiO 2 and SnO 2 , accompanied by the generation of CO 2 . , The TG curve of Ti 2 Sn 0.2 CCl x is divided into two stages. The first stage of mass gain, from 350 to 650 °C, accounts for 17.2% and is attributed to the oxidation of Ti and Sn.…”

“…This indicates that Ti 2 SnC was oxidized to form TiO 2 and SnO 2 , accompanied by the generation of CO 2 . 43,44 The TG curve of Ti 2 Sn 0.2 CCl x is divided into two stages. The first stage of mass gain, from 350 to 650 °C, accounts for 17.2% and is attributed to the oxidation of Ti and Sn.…”