Growth of turbostratic stacked graphene using waste ferric chloride solution as a feedstock

Abstract

The growth of turbostratic stacked graphene using waste ferric chloride solution as a feedstock.

Growth of High-Purity and High-Quality Turbostratic Graphene with Different Interlayer Spacings

“…The 0.5 g sample has the lowest I D / I G , which is in the range from 0.061 to 0.110 (Figure S2c). The average I D / I G of the 0.5 g sample is 0.086, which is smaller than the value ( I D / I G = 0.23) observed from the turbostratic graphene prepared by calcining at 700 °C for 6 h, implying that calcination using higher temperatures can improve the crystallinity of graphene. In addition, this value is much smaller than the I D / I G of turbostratic graphene prepared by CVD, direct carbon ion implantation, laser-assisted method, flash Joule heating, − and concentrated solar radiation, which showed the following I D / I G : 0.36, 1.2–1.7, 0.9–1.1, 0.12–0.81, and ∼0.8, respectively, indicating that the 0.5 g sample contains the highest crystalline quality of graphene.…”

“…The sample cooled quickly since when the furnace was opened, the top half of the quartz tube was in contact with air, while its bottom half was still in contact with the hot furnace, resulting in the cooling rate at high temperatures (>700 °C) being faster than that at low temperatures (<700 °C). The structure of turbostratic graphene in the 0.5 g sample differs from that of turbostratic graphene prepared by calcining at 700 °C for 6 h, as shown in our previous report . The turbostratic graphene prepared by calcining at 700 °C contained a constant interlayer spacing of 3.43 Å.…”

“…The structure of turbostratic graphene in the 0.5 g sample differs from that of turbostratic graphene prepared by calcining at 700 °C for 6 h, as shown in our previous report. 26 The turbostratic graphene prepared by calcining at 700 °C contained a constant interlayer spacing of 3.43 Å. However, this value is close to the interlayer spacing of the 3.435 Å turbostratic graphene in the 0.5 g sample, implying that the faster cooling rate from 1000 to 700 °C caused a widening of the interlayer spacing.…”

“… 25 Even if this method is simple, rapid, and environment-friendly, the quality of resultant turbostratic graphene is low. In our previous report, we demonstrated the growth of high-quality turbostratic graphene powder by calcining the mixture of ferric chloride and sucrose at 700 °C under argon flow for 6 h. 26 The resultant turbostratic graphene contained a constant interlayer spacing of 3.43 Å.…”

Facile one-step hydrothermal synthesis of monolayer and turbostratic bilayer n-doped graphene quantum dots using sucrose as a carbon source

“…2(a) displays the XRD pattern and the fitting curve of the NGQDs. The fitting curve was calculated using the following equation 19 where I is XRD intensity, f ( θ ) is the atomic scattering of carbon, 20 N is the layer number of graphene, and β j is the occupancy of ( j + 1) th graphene layer. ka j = (4π d j sin θ )/ λ where d j is the interlayer spacing of graphene, θ is an incident angle, and λ is the wavelength of incident X-ray beam.…”