Growth patterns and substrate requirements of naturally occurring obligate oligotrophs

Ishida, Yūzaburō; Kadota, Hajime

doi:10.1007/bf02032494

Cited by 67 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…However, it has gradually become apparent that these so-called ' ultramicrobacteria ' (Torella & Morita, 1981) are mostly metabolically active and growing (Button & Robertson, 1989 ;Cho & Azam, 1988 ;Ishida & Kadota, 1981 ;Kaprelyants et al, 1993 ;Kirchman, 1993 ;Schut et al, 1993Schut et al, , 1997a. One of these so-called ' unculturable ' ultramicrobacteria, strain RB2256 T (l LMG 18877 T ), was successfully cultured and has been studied in recent years in considerable detail (see below).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sphingomonas alaskensis sp. nov., a dominant bacterium from a marine oligotrophic environment.

Vancanneyt¹,

Schut²,

Snauwaert³

et al. 2001

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

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Seven Gram-negative strains, isolated in 1990 from a 10 6 -fold dilution series of seawater from Resurrection Bay, a deep fjord of the Gulf of Alaska, were identified in a polyphasic taxonomic study. Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences and DNA-homology studies confirmed the phylogenetic position of all strains in the genus Sphingomonas and further indicated that all of the strains constitute a single homogeneous genomic species, distinct from all validly described Sphingomonas species. The ability to differentiate the species, both phenotypically and chemotaxonomically, from its nearest neighbours justifies the proposal of a new species name, Sphingomonas alaskensis sp. nov., for this taxon. Strain LMG 18877 T (l RB2256 T l DSM 13593 T ) was selected as the type strain.Keywords : Sphingomonas alaskensis sp. nov., identification, polyphasic taxonomy, marine ultramicrobacterium INTRODUCTIONMicrobiologists have been intrigued by the phenomenon of ' unculturability ' for over half a century, especially with respect to bacteria in the open ocean (MacLeod, 1985). This notion has now virtually reached the status of a dogma but is still based primarily on the common observation that often numerically dominant marine bacteria cannot be grown on agar surfaces (Austin, 1988 ;Jannasch & Jones, 1959 ;Kogure et al., 1979Kogure et al., , 1980Poindexter & Leadbetter, 1986 ;Roszak & Colwell, 1987 ; Schut et al., 1997a, b ; Van Es & MeyerReil, 1982). These studies all point in the same direction and indicate that by using agar-plate counts and isolation procedures usually less than 0n1 % of the total community that is observed by direct microscopy can be cultured. As a logical consequence of this situation, most of our knowledge on the physiological properties of marine bacteria is based on those species that are Abbreviations : FAS, filtered-autoclaved seawater ; FAMEs, fatty acid methyl esters.The EMBL accession numbers for the sequences determined in this work are AF145752 (1280 bp), AF145753 (1416 bp) and AF145754 (1428 bp), respectively.readily obtained in culture but which mostly belong to a minority of the total community. Culture-independent molecular techniques are now widely used to obtain a thorough understanding of the identity and nature of the bacteria comprising marine heterotrophic communities, because of their apparent unculturability. This approach has indeed indicated the existence of numerous possibly ' new ' and unusual uncultured bacteria (Amann et al., 1995 ;Britschgi & Giovannoni, 1991 ;Fuhrman et al., 1992Fuhrman et al., , 1993Giovannoni et al., 1990Giovannoni et al., , 1995Ho$ fle & Brettar, 1996 ;Mullins et al., 1995 ;Schmidt et al., 1991). The developments in the use of molecular probes for the detection of natural bacterial populations and for the analysis of genetic diversity within communities have revolutionized our approach in microbial ecology so much that they may create the impression that isolation and cultivation of naturally occurring bacterial strains might soon cease to be required. However, th...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sphingomonas alaskensis sp. nov., a dominant bacterium from a marine oligotrophic environment.

Vancanneyt¹,

Schut²,

Snauwaert³

et al. 2001

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

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“…The isolation of obligate oligotrophs has been claimed by several authors (Yanagita et al 1978, Ishida & Kadota 1981, Fry 1990). Ishida & Kadota (1981) obtained 18 obligate oligotrophs from lake water that could not grow on an agar surface. The 'strains' were obtained by successive dilution purification, and as such do not represent truly pure cultures.…”

Section: Lack Of Evidence For the Existence Of Obligate Oligotrophsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The most important reports will be addressed in some detail in order to properly evaluate the available results. Ishida & Kadota (1981) reported the presence of obligate oligotrophs in Lake Biwa, Japan. This study is often referred to in communications on oligotrophy.…”

Section: The Search For the Obligate Oligotrophmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2) Bacteria of ultramicrobacterial size that remain small when actually growing have been encountered , Ishida & Kadota 1981, Carlucci et al 1987, Gonzalez et al 1990). For pelagic regions, bacterial production rates equivalent to in situ growth rates of 0.01 h-' have been reported (Yoshinaga et al 1991) and more than 90% of this productivity is due to free-living cells (Cho & Azam 1988; see also Section 1.4).…”

Section: Ultramicrobacteria From a New Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

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Oligotrophy and pelagic marine bacteria: facts and fiction

Schut¹,

Prins²,

Gottschal³

1997

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

148

124

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Oligotrophy, or the inability of bacterial cells to propagate at elevated nutrient concentrations, is a controversial phenomenon in microbiology. The exact cause of the unculturability of many indigenous marine bacteria on standard laboratory media has still not been resolved. Unfortunately, the physiology of such cells is difficult to investigate as long as high cell density cultures cannot be obtained. An extensive evaluation of experiments relating to oligotrophy and the cultivation of marine bacteria is presented in this review. When incorporating the findings of studies performed with molecular biological methods, the picture emerges that indigenous marine bacteria can be cultivated under certain cond~tions and that the 'ohgotrophic way of life' is a transient characteristic. Although strong generalisations should not be made w~t h respect to a biological system as diverse as the world's oceans, it should be anticipated that cells with unique physiological characteristics appear to exist in the oceanic system. When combining conventional physiological approaches with molecular biological techniques it is feasible to unveil the phenotypes that go with the encountered genotypes. In view of the enormous complexity of the oceanic system this will prove an ambitious, yet resourceful undertaking.

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“…Organisms whose maximum population densities do not exceed 10 6 cells ml-1 on peptone medium are being studied by Ishida & Kadota using an MPN method to fo llow population changes (16). Determination of the specific nutritional requirements of such organisms and of the inhibitory effects , if any , of specific nutrients upon them should permit their growth to higher cell densities and hence their isolation and characterization.…”

Section: Other Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Microbiology Far From the Sea

MacLeod¹

1985

Annual Review of Microbiology

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Growth patterns and substrate requirements of naturally occurring obligate oligotrophs

Cited by 67 publications

References 8 publications

Sphingomonas alaskensis sp. nov., a dominant bacterium from a marine oligotrophic environment.

Sphingomonas alaskensis sp. nov., a dominant bacterium from a marine oligotrophic environment.

Oligotrophy and pelagic marine bacteria: facts and fiction

Marine Microbiology Far From the Sea

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