Growth performance, gastrointestinal and digestibility responses in growing pigs when fed corn–soybean meal-based diets with corn DDGS treated with fiber degrading enzymes with or without liquid fermentation1

Abstract

Fermenting high fiber ingredients such as distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with feed enzymes may improve their feeding value. We investigated the effects of fermenting corn DDGS with a blend of β-glucanase and xylanases (XB) on growth performance, gut parameters, and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy in growing pigs. Dietary treatments were: (1) corn soybean meal-based diet + 30% DDGS (control), (2) control + XB without fermentation (XBNS), and (3) control + DDGS fermented with XB (16% DM) for 3 to 10 d at 40 °C (XBS). Target activities in XB were 1,050 and 5,500 U/g of DDGS for XB, respectively. Diets contained phytase at 750 FTU/kg. Feed samples were taken during fermentation and at feeding for analysis of pH and organic acids. A total of 144 pigs (25 ± 1.0 kg BW) were assigned to pens (three barrows and three gilts) and allocated to the three diets in a two-phase feeding program (3 wk/phase). Diets were fed on ad libitum and were delivered by a computer-controlled liquid feeding system at a feed to water ratio of 1:4, four times per day. Pigs had free access to water. Fecal samples were taken in the final 3 d of phase 2 to determine ATTD using TiO2 marker method and one pig per pen was euthanized for gastrointestinal (GIT) measurements. The pH of diets at feeding time was lower (P < 0.01) for XBS (4.72) compared with control (5.45) and XBNS (5.45). Pigs fed XBNS had higher (P = 0.04) ADG than control in phase 1. In phase 2 and the overall (weeks 0 to 6), ADG and final BW were higher (P = 0.01) for XBNS than XBS but were not different (P > 0.05) from control. There were no diet effects (P > 0.05) on ADFI. Feed to gain (FCR) for XBNS (1.68) and XBS pigs (1.69) was better (P < 0.01) than for control pigs (1.78) in phase 1. There were no diet effects (P > 0.05) on FCR in phase 2 or in the overall. Pigs fed XBNS had lower (P < 0.01) ATTD of CP than control and XBS-fed pigs. Although not different (P > 0.05) from control, pigs fed XBNS had lower (P < 0.05) jejunal crypt depth and ATTD of gross energy than pigs fed XBS. In conclusion, treating corn DDGS with XB with or without liquid fermentation improved feed efficiency in phase 1, suggesting degradation of dietary fibrous components that may limit nutrient utilization in younger pigs. However, these benefits were not observed in phase 2.

Fiber degrading enzymes increased monosaccharides release and fermentation in corn distillers dried grains with solubles and wheat middlings steeped without or with protease

“…However, other factors such as different microbes and enzymes inherent to the material can also cause different outcomes ( Canibe and Jensen, 2012 ). Regardless of enzymes of application and different co-products, the decrease in pH and increase of lactic and acetic acid concentrations over time as seen in the current study agrees with past fermentation/incubation studies ( Mikkelsen and Jensen, 2000 ; Dujardin et al, 2014 ; Wiseman et al, 2017 ; Rho et al, 2018a , b ). Mikkelsen and Jensen (2000) observed that the pH was reduced below 4.5 in both liquid feeds that were fermented with or without microbial inoculums.…”

“…The hydrolysis, biochemical metabolism, and microbial activity during cereal fermentation results in organic acids as end products ( Blandino et al, 2003 ; Rho et al, 2018b , 2019 ). Heterofermentative organisms are known to be the predominant endogenous microbial flora in grains ( Nanson and Fields, 1984 ; Khetarpaul and Chauhan, 1989 ).…”

“…Liquid feeding has been reported to improve feed efficiency in pigs compared with dry feeding ( Lyberg et al, 2006 ; Hurst et al, 2008 ). Further improvement in feed efficiency was achieved by applying FDE to fermented or nonfermented liquid feed compared with the control feed ( Rho et al, 2018b ). The results of this study suggested that FDE could be a good strategy to solubilize insoluble fiber fractions to enhance fermentability in the animal’s large intestine.…”

Corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles as a target for fermentation to improve bioactive functionality for animal feed and as a source for a novel microorganism with antibacterial activity

“…Egg-laying hens fed on a diet supplemented with corn DDGS resulted in the egg yolk having a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids and a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, while DDGS supplemented up to 10% in the diet had no adverse effect on egg-laying performance (Jiang et al, 2013). Recent studies have looked at replacing or supplementing soybean meal with corn DDGS as animal feed for poultry, swine, and cattle, with the goal of improving the nutritional qualities of the feed (Paine et al, 2018;Rho et al, 2018;Ajao et al, 2022;Chesini et al, 2022;Ding et al, 2022). Apart being used as animal feed sources, corn DDGS can potentially be utilized as a valueadded functional material for wood composites due to their physical and chemical attributes (Liaw et al, 2019).…”

Influence of Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles on Quail Meat Productivity

“…Distillers dried grain with solubles (thereinafter -bard) is also widely used in diets for pigs, as it contains a sufficient amount of proteins (Park et al, 2018;Rho et al, 2018).…”