Abstract:Crotalarias are tropical legumes grown as cover crops or green manure crops to improve soil fertility and reduce soil degradation. As understory plants in plantation crop systems, these cover crops receive elevated levels of [CO 2 ] and low irradiance. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of ambient (400 μmol mol -1 ) and elevated (700 μmol mol -1
“…Similarly, it may also be caused due to the border row effects in MS R because previously scientists have confirmed that the border row wheat plants had higher nitrogen and phosphorus uptake than those of under sole cropping system 3,25 . On average, soybean plants in SII accumulated 63% of higher phosphorus (TPU) as compared to SI where soybean plants experienced severe shading conditions which showed the direct relationship between light intensity and phosphorus uptake because several scientists have proved that shading conditions significantly reduced the phosphorus uptake ability in crops 46,47 . Therefore, higher accumulation of phosphorus in maize and soybean is might be due the improved light conditions and growing space for intercrop species under SII (narrow wide row planting pattern) than SI.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Results were similar with previous findings in which scientists reported that nutrients uptake increased in lupin ( Lupinus albus L.) with increasing the light intensity 54 . Moreover, higher light (photosynthetically active radiations) intensity improved the distribution pattern of major nutrients in crops which significantly increased the dry matter production 47 .Figure 6Field layout of different planting patterns of relay-intercropped maize soybean: SI (traditional single row relay-intercropping system of maize and soybean, one row of soybean relay-intercropped with one row of maize, the row to row distance between maize and soybean rows was 50 cm), SII (modern double row relay-intercropping system of maize and soybean, two rows of soybean relay-intercropped with two rows of maize, maize row to row distance was 40 cm, soybean row to row distance was 40 cm, distance between the maize and soybean rows was 60 cm), SM (sole maize, row to row distance was 70 cm), and SS (sole soybean, row to row distance was 50 cm).…”
Planting patterns affect nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) acquisition and distribution in maize and soybean under intercropping conditions. Here we reveal that strip relay-intercropping increases the N, P, and K uptake and distribution across plant organs (root, straw, and seed) of maize and soybean, accelerates the dry-matter production of intercrop-species, and compensates the slight maize yield loss by considerably increasing the soybean yield. In a two-year experiment, soybean was planted with maize in different planting patterns (SI, 50:50 cm and SII, 40:160 cm) of relay-intercropping, both planting patterns were compared with sole cropping of maize (SM) and soybean (SS). As compared to SI, SII increased the N, P, and K accumulation in each organ of soybean by 20, 32, and 18 (root) %, 71, 61, and 76 (straw) %, and 68, 65, and 62 (seed) %, respectively, whereas decreased the N, P, and K accumulation in each organ of maize by 1, 4, and 8 (root) %, 1, 10, and 3 (straw) %, and 5, 10, and 8 (seed) %, respectively. Overall, in SII, relay-cropped soybean accumulated 91% of total nutrient uptake (TNU) of sole soybean plants, and relay-cropped maize accumulated 94% of TNU of sole maize plants.
“…Similarly, it may also be caused due to the border row effects in MS R because previously scientists have confirmed that the border row wheat plants had higher nitrogen and phosphorus uptake than those of under sole cropping system 3,25 . On average, soybean plants in SII accumulated 63% of higher phosphorus (TPU) as compared to SI where soybean plants experienced severe shading conditions which showed the direct relationship between light intensity and phosphorus uptake because several scientists have proved that shading conditions significantly reduced the phosphorus uptake ability in crops 46,47 . Therefore, higher accumulation of phosphorus in maize and soybean is might be due the improved light conditions and growing space for intercrop species under SII (narrow wide row planting pattern) than SI.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Results were similar with previous findings in which scientists reported that nutrients uptake increased in lupin ( Lupinus albus L.) with increasing the light intensity 54 . Moreover, higher light (photosynthetically active radiations) intensity improved the distribution pattern of major nutrients in crops which significantly increased the dry matter production 47 .Figure 6Field layout of different planting patterns of relay-intercropped maize soybean: SI (traditional single row relay-intercropping system of maize and soybean, one row of soybean relay-intercropped with one row of maize, the row to row distance between maize and soybean rows was 50 cm), SII (modern double row relay-intercropping system of maize and soybean, two rows of soybean relay-intercropped with two rows of maize, maize row to row distance was 40 cm, soybean row to row distance was 40 cm, distance between the maize and soybean rows was 60 cm), SM (sole maize, row to row distance was 70 cm), and SS (sole soybean, row to row distance was 50 cm).…”
Planting patterns affect nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) acquisition and distribution in maize and soybean under intercropping conditions. Here we reveal that strip relay-intercropping increases the N, P, and K uptake and distribution across plant organs (root, straw, and seed) of maize and soybean, accelerates the dry-matter production of intercrop-species, and compensates the slight maize yield loss by considerably increasing the soybean yield. In a two-year experiment, soybean was planted with maize in different planting patterns (SI, 50:50 cm and SII, 40:160 cm) of relay-intercropping, both planting patterns were compared with sole cropping of maize (SM) and soybean (SS). As compared to SI, SII increased the N, P, and K accumulation in each organ of soybean by 20, 32, and 18 (root) %, 71, 61, and 76 (straw) %, and 68, 65, and 62 (seed) %, respectively, whereas decreased the N, P, and K accumulation in each organ of maize by 1, 4, and 8 (root) %, 1, 10, and 3 (straw) %, and 5, 10, and 8 (seed) %, respectively. Overall, in SII, relay-cropped soybean accumulated 91% of total nutrient uptake (TNU) of sole soybean plants, and relay-cropped maize accumulated 94% of TNU of sole maize plants.
“…Furthermore, across all crop species and light intensities, the uptake of nutrients was in the order of N > K > P > Ca > Mg for macro-nutrients and Fe > Zn > B > Mn > Cu for micronutrients. Fageria et al [34] and Baligar et al [15,16,26] have reported similar trends in nutrient uptake by legume crops. -------mg plant −1 -------------µg plant −1 -----…”
Section: Concentration and Uptake Of Nutrientsmentioning
confidence: 73%
“…al. [16,25,26] reported that increasing light intensity from 100 to 450 µmol m −2 s −1 increased shoot, leaf and root growth parameters of tropical legume cover crops. However, in the current study, Lab-Lab had decreasing trends in all measured traits at a PPFD of 450 µmol m −2 s −1 .…”
Section: Light Intensity On Growth Parametersmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Intraspecific differences were observed for variation in the nutrient concentrations of macro-and micronutrients. The differential effects of varying levels of PPFD on the nutrient uptake by perennial cover crop legumes have been reported [15,16,25,26]. Wong [30] reported changes in the mineral composition of Joint Vetch, Calopo, Centro, Ea-Ea, Tropical Kudzu and Brazilian Lucerne grown in varying levels of shade (18 to 100% of daylight) in greenhouse conditions.…”
Section: Concentration and Uptake Of Nutrientsmentioning
In the early stages of the establishment of plantation crops such as cacao, perennial legume cover crops provide vegetative cover to reduce soil and nutrient loss by erosion. Light intensity at cover crop canopy levels greatly influences their adaptability and optimum growth. As tree crops mature, understory cover crops suffer from inadequate light intensity. A greenhouse experiment was undertaken with nine perennial legume cover crop species (Calopo, Ea-Ea, Jack Bean, Lab-Lab, Mucuna ana, Mucuna preta, Cowpea, Black Pigeon Pea and Mixed Pigeon Pea) to assess the effects of three photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFDs, µmol m−2 s−1) 180 (inadequate light), 450 (moderate light) and 900 (adequate light) on growth, physiological and nutrient uptake parameters. PPFD had highly significant effects on leaf, shoot and root growth parameters and increasing the light intensity from 180 to 900 µmol m−2 s−1 increased all growth parameters with the exception of specific leaf area. In all the legume cover crops, increasing the light intensity significantly increased the net assimilation rates (NAR), SPAD index and net photosynthesis (PN) and its components, stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Cover crop species, PPFD and their interactions significantly affected water flux (Vo) and various water use efficiency parameters (WUETOTAL, WUEINST and WUEINTR). Increasing the PPFD increased the WUE in all of the cover crops. Species and PPFD had highly significant effects on the uptake of macro- and micronutrients. Overall uptakes of all nutrients were increased with increases in the PPFD from 180 to 900 µmol m−2 s−1. With few exceptions, the nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of the nutrients was significantly influenced by species, PPFD and their interactions. Except for Mn, increasing the PPFD from 180 to 900 µmol m−2 s −1 increased the NUE for all the nutrients.
Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) was grown as an understory tree in agroforestry systems where it received inadequate to adequate levels of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). As atmospheric carbon dioxide steadily increased, it was unclear what impact this would have on cacao growth and development at low PPFD. This research evaluated the effects of ambient and elevated levels carbon dioxide under inadequate to adequate levels of PPFD on growth, physiological and nutrient use efficiency traits of seven genetically contrasting juvenile cacao genotypes. Growth parameters (total and root dry weight, root length, stem height, leaf area, relative growth rate and net assimilation rates increased, and specific leaf area decreased significantly in response to increasing carbon dioxide and PPFD. Increasing carbon dioxide and PPFD levels significantly increased net photosynthesis and water-use efficiency traits but significantly reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration. With few exceptions, increasing carbon dioxide and PPFD reduced macro–micro nutrient concentrations but increased uptake, influx, transport and nutrient use efficiency in all cacao genotypes. Irrespective of levels of carbon dioxide and PPFD, intraspecific differences were observed for growth, physiology and nutrient use efficiency of cacao genotypes.
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