2021
DOI: 10.3390/agronomy11081536
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Growth, Physiological, Nutrient-Uptake-Efficiency and Shade-Tolerance Responses of Cacao Genotypes under Different Shades

Abstract: Cacao is an understory plant cultivated in full-sun monocultures, multistrata agroforestry systems, where cacao trees are planted together with fruit, timber, firewood, and leguminous trees, or within thinned native forests. In agroforestry systems of cultivation, cacao is subjected to excess shade due to high density, excess growth, and the unmanaged pruning of shade trees. Cacao is tolerant to shade, and the maximum photosynthetic rate occurs at an irradiance of around 400 μmol m−2 s−1. However, excess shade… Show more

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Cited by 8 publications
(7 citation statements)
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“…This study was conducted in 2015 (February-September) in the Juan Bernito Experimental Station belonging to the Instituto de Cultivos Tropicales (ICT), (6 • 28 37.3 S, 76 • 19 54.6 W; 500-530 m.a.s.l), which is located in the district of La Banda de Shilcayo, department and province of San Martin (Figure 1). This area is also reported by Arevalo-Gardini et al [22] to have an average annual precipitation of 1250 mm, an annual mean temperature of 26 • C, and 87% relative humidity. Cacao genotypes explored for this study were obtained from the ICT germplasm bank ubicated in the El Choclino Experimental Station.…”
Section: Localization and Cacao Clonessupporting
confidence: 74%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…This study was conducted in 2015 (February-September) in the Juan Bernito Experimental Station belonging to the Instituto de Cultivos Tropicales (ICT), (6 • 28 37.3 S, 76 • 19 54.6 W; 500-530 m.a.s.l), which is located in the district of La Banda de Shilcayo, department and province of San Martin (Figure 1). This area is also reported by Arevalo-Gardini et al [22] to have an average annual precipitation of 1250 mm, an annual mean temperature of 26 • C, and 87% relative humidity. Cacao genotypes explored for this study were obtained from the ICT germplasm bank ubicated in the El Choclino Experimental Station.…”
Section: Localization and Cacao Clonessupporting
confidence: 74%
“…Three indices were calculated to determine the tolerance: the acidity tolerance index (ATI) based on the shade tolerance index [22], the genotypic tolerance index (GTI), [26] and the corrected acidity tolerance index (CATI); the formulae used for calculation of each index are presented as follows:…”
Section: Determination Of Biometric Parameters and Tolerance Index In...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Further investigation revealed an interaction between shading and nitrogen fertilizer, indicating that both were required to achieve specific plant growth parameters and could not be separated (Vargas et al, 2015). Previous research explained that shading could decrease the absorption of water and nutrients, leading to a decrease in the concentration of nitrogen fertilizer required for optimal productivity (Semchenko et al, 2012;Arevalo-Gardini et al, 2021). This interaction was most prominent in the middle of the observation, indicating an optimum growth phase of gandarusa.…”
Section: Plant Growthmentioning
confidence: 89%
“…Although sufficient light intensity is essential for photosynthesis, certain plants require proper cultivation methods to enhance their growth, such as using shading treatment. Shading was shown to reduce microclimate, radiation, temperature, and absorption of water and nutrients (Semchenko et al, 2012;Masabni et al, 2016;Arevalo-Gardini et al, 2021). Fan et al (2018) reported that under the full intensity of light, corn showed higher biomass productivity than with shading treatment.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…On the other hand, this causes a decrease in soil evaporation, wind seeds, and transpiration of crops. The carbon (C) sequestration above ground could easily be increased by planting trees and this also increases carbon in the soil on the land where crops are cultivated [15,16]. The general sequestration of carbon due to such actions has been assumed to be 9, 21, 50, and 63 Mg C ha −1 in temperate, sub-humid, semiarid, and humid regions, respectively [17].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%