Growth process of protective oxides formed on type 304 and 430 stainless steels at 1273 k

Identification of Surface Precipitates Found on the Surface of Steel Annealed for Tinplating

“…The indexed diffraction patterns showed that the precipitates have an FCC crystal structure with the symmetry of the diffraction patterns indicating a m3m point group. The lattice parameter of the precipitates were measured to be 0.83 nm, which is close to 0.845 nm reported in the literature for the MnCr 2 O 4 spinel [2]. The finer particles observed on the grain are also believed to be MnCr 2 O 4 spinel because they have a similar elemental ratio to that of the grain boundary precipitates.…”

“…The chromium to manganese ratio is reasonably constant across many particles with chromium having approximately twice the amount of manganese. This MnCr 2 O 4 spinel is commonly observed on the surface of high chromium steels (stainless) when exposed to oxidising atmospheres [2], however this is the first time this spinel has been observed on the surface of low carbon, low alloy steel. It is thermodynamically predicted that chromium and manganese in the steel will selectively oxidise to form Cr 2 O 3 and MnO respectively in atmospheres that are reducing for iron.…”

Characterization of thermal oxide films formed on a duplex stainless steel by means of confocal-Raman microscopy and electrochemical techniques

“…The formation of nodules at this temperature was due to the breakaway oxidation of the Cr-depleted layer when the external oxide scale was broken, the thickness of the oxide becoming irregular. Oxide scales enriched in iron and depleted in chromium are brittle and tend to break under thermal stress [7,20].…”

“…High temperature oxidation of austenitic and ferritic stainless steels has been widely investigated [3][4][5][6][7]. However, only a few papers have studied the oxidation of DSSs [8,9].…”

Electrically Conductive, Corrosion-Resistant Coatings Through Defect Chemistry for Metallic Interconnects

“…As compared to H230 alloy, INC718 and SS430 exhibit faster oxidation kinetics [13], SS430 exhibiting the fastest kinetics [35]. In this section detail study of oxidation kinetics of coated and uncoated INC718 and SS430 oxidation will be discussed.…”