Growth Promoters in Cattle and Pigs: A Review of Legislation and Implications for Human Health

Aroeira, Carolina Naves; Feddern, Vivian; Gressler, Vanessa; Castillo, Carmen; Hopkins, David L.

doi:10.1080/87559129.2021.1961268

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 80 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…However, international and national regulatory agencies, such as Food and Agriculture Organization/ WHO, Food and Drug Administration, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, European Commission, European Food Safety Authority, and the Ministry of Health of each country, continuously attempt to regulate antibiotic use with international standards, considering the specific realities of each country. This harmonization mainly involves the control of parameters, such as (1) acceptable daily intake (ADI), which is a critical standard set from toxicological studies based on the no-observable-effect level and safety factor [68]; (2) withdrawal period or waiting time (WT), which refers to the minimum period from the administration of the last dose of medication and the production of meat or other animal-derived products for food (Figure -2) [68,69]; and (3) MRL, which is the highest level of an antibiotic residue or its metabolites that is legally tolerated in food when antibiotics are correctly applied following Good Agricultural Practice [20]. Although the ADI, WT, and MRL for most antibiotics have been established (for each food) and efforts have been made to regulate the MRL worldwide under the aegis of the World Trade Organization and the Codex Alimentarius, MRLs still vary from one geographical location to another.…”

Section: National and International Legislation On Antibiotic Residue...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The public health issue of antibiotic residues in food and feed: Causes, consequences, and potential solutions

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Antibiotics are among the essential veterinary medicine compounds associated with animal feed and food animal production. The use of antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections is almost unavoidable, with less need to demonstrate their importance. Although banned as a growth factor for a few years, their use in animals can add residues in foodstuffs, presenting several environmental, technological, animal health, and consumer health risks. With regard to human health risks, antibiotic residues induce and accelerate antibiotic resistance development, promote the transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to humans, cause allergies (penicillin), and induce other severe pathologies, such as cancers (sulfamethazine, oxytetracycline, and furazolidone), anaphylactic shock, nephropathy (gentamicin), bone marrow toxicity, mutagenic effects, and reproductive disorders (chloramphenicol). Antibiotic resistance, which has excessively increased over the years, is one of the adverse consequences of this phenomenon, constituting a severe public health issue, thus requiring the regulation of antibiotics in all areas, including animal breeding. This review discusses the common use of antibiotics in agriculture and antibiotic residues in food/feed. In-depth, we discussed the detection techniques of antibiotic residues, potential consequences on the environment and animal health, the technological transformation processes and impacts on consumer health, and recommendations to mitigate this situation.

show abstract

Section: National and International Legislation On Antibiotic Residue...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The public health issue of antibiotic residues in food and feed: Causes, consequences, and potential solutions

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The use of hormonal products is overseen by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicine Authority (APVMA), which states that the use of hormonal growth promoters is safe when applied according to the label instructions. Australia also has a hormone-free food-producing animals program that produces meat for the European market [ 50 , 51 ].…”

Section: Legislative Measures For the Use Of Aasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anabolic Steroids in Fattening Food-Producing Animals—A Review

Skoupá

Šťastný

Sládek

2022

Animals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Anabolic steroids are chemically synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone. They are used in medicine for their ability to support muscle growth and healing and by athletes for esthetic purposes and to increase sports performance, but another major use is in fattening animals to increase meat production. The more people there are on Earth, the greater the need for meat production and anabolic steroids accelerate the growth of animals and, most importantly, increase the amount of muscle mass. Anabolic steroids also have proven side effects that affect all organs and tissues, such as liver and kidney parenchymal damage, heart muscle degeneration, organ growth, coagulation disorders, and increased risk of muscle and tendon rupture. Anabolic steroids also have a number of harmful effects on the developing brain, such as brain atrophy and changes in gene expression with consequent changes in the neural circuits involved in cognitive functions. Behavioral changes such as aggression, irritability, anxiety and depression are related to changes in the brain. In terms of long-term toxicity, the greatest impact is on the reproductive system, i.e., testicular shrinkage and infertility. Therefore, their abuse can be considered a public health problem. In many countries around the world, such as the United States, Canada, China, Argentina, Australia, and other large meat producers, the use of steroids is permitted but in all countries of the European Union there is a strict ban on the use of anabolic steroids in fattening animals. Meat from a lot of countries must be carefully inspected and monitored for steroids before export to Europe. Gas or liquid chromatography methods in combination with mass spectrometry detectors and immunochemical methods are most often used for the analysis of these substances. These methods have been considered the most modern for decades, but can be completely ineffective if they face new synthetic steroid derivatives and want to meet meat safety requirements. The problem of last years is the application of “cocktails” of anabolic substances with very low concentrations, which are difficult to detect and are difficult to quantify using conventional detection methods. This is the reason why scientists are trying to find new methods of detection, mainly based on changes in the structure of tissues and cells and their metabolism. This review gathered this knowledge into a coherent form and its findings could help in finding such a combination of changes in tissues that would form a typical picture for evidence of anabolic misuse.

show abstract

Profiling bacterial communities and foodborne pathogens on food-associated surface following contact with raw beef, chicken and pork using 16S amplicon metagenomics

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Growth Promoters in Cattle and Pigs: A Review of Legislation and Implications for Human Health

Cited by 3 publications

References 80 publications

The public health issue of antibiotic residues in food and feed: Causes, consequences, and potential solutions

The public health issue of antibiotic residues in food and feed: Causes, consequences, and potential solutions

Anabolic Steroids in Fattening Food-Producing Animals—A Review

Profiling bacterial communities and foodborne pathogens on food-associated surface following contact with raw beef, chicken and pork using 16S amplicon metagenomics

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About