Growth Response of Single-Gene Dwarf Mutants in Maize to Gibberellic Acid

Phinney, Bernard O.

doi:10.1073/pnas.42.4.185

Cited by 248 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Although the biological function of GA 3 remains to be elucidated (Magome et al, 2013), it is concluded that D1 (ZmGA3ox2) protein catalyzes the final step of biologically active GAs in maize. This conclusion is consistent with previous studies on physiological and biochemical features of the d1 mutant (Phinney, 1956;Fujioka et al, 1988;Spray et al, 1996).…”

Section: Determination Of D1 Enzymatic Activitysupporting

confidence: 94%

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The MaizeDWARF1Encodes a Gibberellin 3-Oxidase and Is Dual Localized to the Nucleus and Cytosol

et al. 2014

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The maize (Zea mays) gibberellin (GA)-deficient mutant dwarf1 (d1) displays dwarfism and andromonoecy (i.e. forming anthers in the female flower). Previous characterization indicated that the d1 mutation blocked three steps in GA biosynthesis; however, the locus has not been isolated and characterized. Here, we report that D1 encodes a GA 3-oxidase catalyzing the final step of bioactive GA synthesis. Recombinant D1 is capable of converting GA 20 to GA 1 , GA 20 to GA 3 , GA 5 to GA 3 , and GA 9 to GA 4 in vitro. These reactions are widely believed to take place in the cytosol. However, both in vivo GFP fusion analysis and westernblot analysis of organelle fractions using a D1-specific antibody revealed that the D1 protein is dual localized in the nucleus and cytosol. Furthermore, the upstream gibberellin 20-oxidase1 (ZmGA20ox1) protein was found dual localized in the nucleus and cytosol as well. These results indicate that bioactive GA can be synthesized in the cytosol and the nucleus, two compartments where GA receptor Gibberellin-insensitive dwarf protein1 exists. Furthermore, the D1 protein was found to be specifically expressed in the stamen primordia in the female floret, suggesting that the suppression of stamen development is mediated by locally synthesized GAs.

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Section: Determination Of D1 Enzymatic Activitysupporting

confidence: 94%

“…The d1 allele is a long-known GA-deficient mutant in maize (Phinney, 1956;Fujioka et al, 1988) and was studied biochemically and physiologically. The mutant was rescued by the application of GA 1 , but not by GA 20 (Spray et al, 1996).…”

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confidence: 99%

The MaizeDWARF1Encodes a Gibberellin 3-Oxidase and Is Dual Localized to the Nucleus and Cytosol

et al. 2014

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“…The d* plants had the characteristic features (Phinney, 1956;Coe et al, 1988) of mutants deficient in GA biosynthesis (data not shown): (1) d* confers a dwarf phenotype, 10 to 20% the height of wild-type plants, and short dark green leaves; (2) plants of d* can be converted to near normal height by the addition of GA; (3) d* confers an andromonoecious phenotype. In addition, under Tucson, Arizona, field conditions, d* plants have >6 tillers and are both male and female sterile.…”

Section: Results Ldentification Of D3-2::musmentioning

confidence: 87%

The maize Dwarf3 gene encodes a cytochrome P450-mediated early step in Gibberellin biosynthesis.

1995

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Gibberellins (GAs) are phytohormones required for normal growth and development in higher plants. The Dwarf3 (03) gene of maize encodes an early step in the GA biosynthesis pathway. We transposon-tagged the 0 3 gene using Robertson's Mutator (Mu) and showed that the mutant allele d3-2::Mu8 is linked to a Mu8 element. The DNA flanking the Mu8 element was cloned and shown to be linked to the d3 locus by mapping in a high-resolution population developed by selecting for recombination between d3 and linked genetic marken. To establish unambiguously the identity of the cloned gene as 03, a second mutant allele of 0 3 (d3-4) was also cloned and characterized using the d3-2::MuB sequences as a probe. d3-4 was found to have a nove1 insertion element, named Sleepy, inserted into an exon. A third mutant allele, d3-1, which has the same size 3' restriction fragments as d3-4 but different 5' restriction fragments, was found to contain a Sleepy insertion at the same position as d3-4. On the basis of the pedigree, Sleepy insertion, and restriction map, d3-1 appears to represent a recombinational derivative of d3-4. The 0 3 gene encodes a predicted protein with significant sequence similarity to cytochrome P450 enzymes. Analysis of D3 mRNA showed that the 03 transcript is expressed in roots, developing leaves, the vegetative meristem, and suspension culture cells. We detected reduced 0 3 mRNA levels in the mutant allele d3-5.

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“…Gibberellic acid treatment will prevent inhibition of pea stem growth by radiation (in both dwarf and tall varieties) and it will also reverse the dwarf character in peas as well as other species (1,4,8 2 a), but the promotions of growth are equal fractions of maximum growth promotion.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the Mechanism of Stem Growth Inhibition by Visible Radiation.

Lockhart¹

1959

Plant Physiol.

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Applied gibberellic acid specifically reverses the light inhibition of etiolated stem growth in certain species (4,5). It ExPERIMENTAL RESULTSTo determine the time-course of growth following a single irradiation, 6-day-old dwarf pea seedlings wvere exposed to re(d ra(liation (2,000 ergs cinv-2-sec-1) for various lengths of time and the height of the plants was measured daily. The results of a typical experiment are illustrated in figure 1. It may be seen that even 10-minutes of irradiation results in a marked inhibition of growth. It is noteworthy that the growth inhibition by light continues for a period of several days. After 4 to 5 days the growth rate of the irradiated plants returns to the dark-grown rate, but the growth rate never exceeds that of the dark-grown plants.

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Growth Response of Single-Gene Dwarf Mutants in Maize to Gibberellic Acid

Cited by 248 publications

References 3 publications

The MaizeDWARF1Encodes a Gibberellin 3-Oxidase and Is Dual Localized to the Nucleus and Cytosol

The MaizeDWARF1Encodes a Gibberellin 3-Oxidase and Is Dual Localized to the Nucleus and Cytosol

The maize Dwarf3 gene encodes a cytochrome P450-mediated early step in Gibberellin biosynthesis.

Studies on the Mechanism of Stem Growth Inhibition by Visible Radiation.

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