Growth Until 3 Years of Age in a Prospective, Randomized Trial of a Diet With Reduced Saturated Fat and Cholesterol

Niinikoski, Harri; Lapinleimu, Helena; Viikari, Jorma; Rönnemaa, Tapani; Jokinen, Eero; Seppänen, R; Terho, Pirjo; Tuominen, Juhani; Välimäki, Ilkka; Simell, Olli

doi:10.1542/peds.99.5.687

Cited by 65 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In real life, introduction of solid weaning foods markedly decreases dietary fat content (11), so that fat intake is usually slightly < 30% of energy at 7-8 mo of age, decreases to as low as 26% of energy during the early months of the second year of life, and then increases slowly (4,10,11,13,19,22). Interestingly, the growth rate of children with low fat intake in this and several other recent studies was similar to that of children with average fat intake (5,9,11,12).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Studies have shown that in developed countries the diets of infants who consume solids in addition to breast milk or formula and of children aged 1-3 y can contain surprisingly small amounts of fat without any obvious deleterious effects on growth (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). In fact, diets with relative fat contents exceeding 40% of energy have been proposed to diminish the intake of some trace elements (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of dietary fat on the nutrient intake and growth of children from 1 to 5 y of age: the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project

Lagström

Seppänen

Jokinen

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Excessive decreases in fat intake in young children have been linked with low intakes of energy and nutrients and possible growth failure. Objective: We evaluated nutrient intakes and growth of healthy children with different fat intakes during the first 5 y of life. Design: In the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP), 7-mo-old children were randomly assigned to an intervention aimed at reduced consumption of saturated fat and cholesterol (n = 540) or to a control group (n = 522). This analysis comprises data for children for whom ≥ 6 of 8 possible 3-4-d food records were available (n = 730; 353 females). Children were divided according to fat intake pattern (percentage of energy) between the ages of 13 mo and 5 y into groups with continuously high fat intake (5% of children), increasing fat intake (5%), continuously low fat intake (5%), decreasing fat intake (5%), and average fat intake (80%). Children's energy and nutrient intakes and growth were then compared by analysis of variance. Results: Fat intake at 13 mo of age was particularly low (21% of energy) in the increasing fat intake group and in the continuously low fat intake group (22% of energy at 13 mo; 26% of energy at 5 y). Growth of children in all 5 fat intake groups, however, was not significantly different throughout the study period. Intakes of vitamins and minerals, except of vitamin D, met recommended dietary allowances in all fat intake groups. Conclusion: Nutrient intakes and growth were not significantly different in children whose fat intake patterns differed between 13 mo and 5 y of age.Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:516-23.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of dietary fat on the nutrient intake and growth of children from 1 to 5 y of age: the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project

Lagström

Seppänen

Jokinen

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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“…The initial serum cholesterol results until age 13 months were reported by Lapinleimu et al 16 in 1995 and first growth data by Niinikoski et al 17,18 in 1997. These papers showed that the STRIP intervention was effective in decreasing serum cholesterol values during the first 3 years of life without untoward effects on growth.…”

Section: What Has Been Found? Main Findings and Publicationsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Cohort Profile: The STRIP Study (Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project), an Infancy-onset Dietary and Life-style Intervention Trial

Simell

Niinikoski

Rönnemaa

et al. 2008

International Journal of Epidemiology

101

134

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“…From a cardiovascular perspective, the case for breast-feeding, and for making the nutritional content of formula feeds similar to breast milk, rests on a combination of both short-and long-term benefits. Observational studies examining longterm benefits provide strong evidence of reduced blood cholesterol levels (21,22) , raising the possibility that moves to reduce cholesterol levels in early life may not be beneficial for long-term cholesterol metabolism (66)(67)(68) . Those breast-fed have also been shown to have lower risk of diabetes and marginally lower insulin levels in later life, although further studies examining these latter associations with follow-up in adult life are needed (41) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast-feeding and cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in later life: evidence from epidemiological studies

2011

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This paper considers the body of observational evidence examining the association of being breast-fed to cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in later life, and whether any potentially advantageous findings are causal. Early cardiovascular consequences/correlates of breastfeeding, compared to being formula fed, include markedly higher levels of total blood cholesterol, lower levels of pre-prandial blood glucose and insulin and lower levels of adiposity. However, a key issue is whether these early differences at a period of rapid development programme/influence cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in later life. Evidence of longterm effects of early feeding, largely from observational studies, has shown that those breastfed have lower levels of blood total cholesterol, lower risk of type-2 diabetes and marginally lower levels of adiposity and blood pressure in adult life. There is no strong evidence to suggest effects of early feeding on adult levels of blood glucose, blood insulin and CHD outcomes, although further data are needed. However, the influence of confounding factors, such as maternal body size, maternal smoking and socio-demographic factors, and exclusivity of early feeding on these potentially beneficial associations needs to be considered before inferring any causal effects. Moreover, fewer studies have examined whether duration of exclusive breastfeeding has a graded influence on these risk factors and outcomes; such data would help further in deciding upon causal associations. While strong observational evidence suggests nutritional programming of adult cholesterol levels, associations with other markers of cardiometabolic risk and their consequences in later life need to be confirmed in well-conducted observational and experimental studies.

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Growth Until 3 Years of Age in a Prospective, Randomized Trial of a Diet With Reduced Saturated Fat and Cholesterol

Abstract: Fat intake by young children is markedly lower than assumed. A supervised low-saturated fat, low-cholesterol diet has no influence on growth during the first 3 years of life.

Cited by 65 publications

References 35 publications

Influence of dietary fat on the nutrient intake and growth of children from 1 to 5 y of age: the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project

Influence of dietary fat on the nutrient intake and growth of children from 1 to 5 y of age: the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project

Cohort Profile: The STRIP Study (Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project), an Infancy-onset Dietary and Life-style Intervention Trial

Breast-feeding and cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in later life: evidence from epidemiological studies

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