GSK-3 protein and the heart: friend or foe?

Abstract

SiGnAllinGWhole-body glucose homeostasis is a continuous process and a function of the production of glucose by the liver and the peripheral disposal of glucose, primarily by skeletal muscle. These two processes are regulated by several endocrine factors, the most important of which are insulin and glucagon, produced by the pancreatic β− and α−cells respectively. Hepatic glucose production is mediated by both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. When there is increased glucose demand by peripheral tissue, e.g. muscle contraction during exercise, the liver must produce glucose accordingly to prevent development of