Guardians of autonomy: A comparative analysis of safeguarding independent self-employed workers in Indonesia and Europe

Ravizki, Eka Nanda; Purnami, Nazma Swastika Aries

doi:10.1080/23311886.2023.2273956

Cogent Social Sciences

2023

DOI: 10.1080/23311886.2023.2273956

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Guardians of autonomy: A comparative analysis of safeguarding independent self-employed workers in Indonesia and Europe

Eka Nanda Ravizki,

Nazma Swastika Aries Purnami

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2025

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Digitalisation of the Tourism Industry and Self-Employment: Challenges of the Gig-Economy

Stryzhak,

Yermachenko,

Cibák

et al. 2025

Tourism and Hospitality

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The study focuses on the challenges that the gig-economy brings to the labour market. Digitalisation is transforming the nature of labour relations, and the ratio of the employed to the self-employed is changing. By expanding the scope of digital technology and the use of digital platforms, changes are affecting all areas, including the tourism industry. The article assesses the relationship between tourism development, digitalisation, and self-employment indicators. The study covers 112 countries for 2021. The paper uses the Travel & Tourism Development Index, Network Readiness Index and the World Bank’s self-employment indicator. The analysis showed that the features of the relationship between tourism development, digitalisation and self-employment vary across the three groups of countries identified as a result of cluster analysis. The study found that there is a positive relationship between the level of tourism sector development and the level of the country’s digitalisation. The relationship between the level of self-employment and tourism development is variable across groups. The relationship between self-employment and digitalisation was confirmed only for the sample as a whole.

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Digitalisation of the Tourism Industry and Self-Employment: Challenges of the Gig-Economy

Stryzhak,

Yermachenko,

Cibák

et al. 2025

Tourism and Hospitality

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

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Guardians of autonomy: A comparative analysis of safeguarding independent self-employed workers in Indonesia and Europe

Cited by 1 publication

References 43 publications

Digitalisation of the Tourism Industry and Self-Employment: Challenges of the Gig-Economy

Digitalisation of the Tourism Industry and Self-Employment: Challenges of the Gig-Economy

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