Guettarda crispiflora Vahl Methanol Extract Ameliorates Acute Lung Injury and Gastritis by Suppressing Src Phosphorylation

Abstract

Many species in the genus Guettarda are known to exert anti-inflammatory effects and are used as traditional medicinal plants to treat various inflammatory symptoms. However, no studies on the inflammatory activities of Guettarda crispiflora Vahl have been reported. The aim of the study was to investigate in vitro and in vivo the anti-inflammatory effects of a methanol extract of Guettarda crispiflora Vahl (Gc-ME). To determine the anti-inflammatory activity of Gc-ME, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-, poly(I:C)-, or Pam3CSK4-treated RAW264.7 cells, HCl/EtOH- and LPS-treated mice were employed for in vitro and in vivo tests. LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells was determined by Griess assays and cytokine gene expression in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells, confirmed by RT- and real-time PCR. Transcriptional activation was evaluated by luciferase reporter gene assay. Target protein validation was assessed by Western blot analysis and cellular thermal shift assays (CETSA) with LPS-treated RAW264.7 and gene-transfected HEK293 cells. Using both a HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis model and an LPS-induced lung injury model, inflammatory states were checked by scoring or evaluating gastric lesions, lung edema, and lung histology. Phytochemical fingerprinting of Gc-ME was observed by using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Nitric oxide production induced by LPS and Pam3CSK4 in RAW264.7 cells was revealed to be reduced by Gc-ME. The LPS-induced upregulation of iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, and IL-1β was also suppressed by Gc-ME treatment. Gc-ME downregulated the promotor activities of AP-1 and NF-κB triggered by MyD88- and TRIF induction. Upstream signaling proteins for NF-κB activation, namely, p-p50, p-p65, p-IκBα, and p-Src were all downregulated by Ch-EE. Moreover, Src was revealed to be directly targeted by Gc-ME. This extract, orally treated strongly, attenuated the inflammatory symptoms in HCl/EtOH-treated stomachs and LPS-treated lungs. Therefore, these results strongly imply that Guettarda crispiflora can be developed as a promising anti-inflammatory remedy with Src-suppressive properties.

Echinatin attenuates acute lung injury and inflammatory responses via TAK1-MAPK/NF-κB and Keap1-Nrf2-HO-1 signaling pathways in macrophages

“…Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) capable of recognizing evolutionarily conserved components of microorganisms, including bacteria, collectively called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) [10]. Increasing evidence has revealed that TLR4 can be activated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages, followed by stimulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-and nuclear factorkappa B (NF-κB)-mediated inflammatory responses, inducing the expression of several proinflammatory cytokines and enzymes [11,12]. Several inflammatory mediators and cytokines, including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2 ), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and IL-6 can induce oxidative stress, which cumulatively cause lung tissue injury [13][14][15].…”