Guidance for Exposure and Risk Evaluation for Bystanders and Residents exposed to Plant Protection Products during and after Application

Martin, Sabine; Westphal, Dieter; Erdtmann-Vourliotis, Martina; Dechet, F.; Schulze-Rosario, Corina; Stauber, Franz; Wicke, Heinrich; Chester, Graham

doi:10.1007/s00003-008-0361-5

Cited by 40 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Our a priori hypothesis was that for children living adjacent to cultivated fields, passive exposure to drift of the pesticides used for the specific crop types was not negligible (Lu et al, 2000; Rubino et al, 2012). We selected a 100-meter buffer around homes since it represents the distance where substantial pesticide drift occurs according to some studies (Wittich and Siebers, 2002; Siebers et al, 2003; Martin, 2008; Wolters et al, 2008; Cornelis et al, 2009; Garron et al, 2009), taking into account that in Italy agricultural fields are sprayed only by ground-based devices and therefore larger drifts are difficult to assume (Tsakirakis et al, 2014). In particular, for arable crops, sprayers’ devices are kept in a horizontal position, very close to the plants, so the dispersion of pesticides is very limited.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive exposure to agricultural pesticides and risk of childhood leukemia in an Italian community

Malagoli

Costanzini

Heck

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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Background Exposure to pesticides has been suggested as a risk factor for childhood leukemia, but definitive evidence on this relation and the specific pesticides involved is still not clear. Objective We carried out a population-based case-control study in a Northern Italy community to assess the possible relation between passive exposure to agricultural pesticides and risk of acute childhood leukemia. Methods We assessed passive pesticide exposure of 111 childhood leukemia cases and 444 matched controls by determining density and type of agricultural land use within a 100-m radius buffer around children’s homes. We focused on four common crop types, arable, orchard, vineyard and vegetable, characterized by the use of specific pesticides that are potentially involved in childhood induced leukemia. The use of these pesticides was validated within the present study. We computed the odds ratios (OR) of the disease and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) according to type and density of crops around the children’s homes, also taking into account traffic pollution and high-voltage power line magnetic field exposure. Results Childhood leukemia risk did not increase in relation with any of the crop types with the exception of arable crops, characterized by the use of 2.4-D, MCPA, glyphosate, dicamba, triazine and cypermethrin. The very few children (n=11) residing close to arable crops had an OR for childhood leukemia of 2.04 (95% CI 0.50–8.35), and such excess risk was further enhanced among children aged < 5 years. Conclusions Despite the null association with most crop types and the statistical imprecision of the estimates, the increased leukemia risk among children residing close to arable crops indicates the need to further investigate the involvement in disease etiology of passive exposure to herbicides and pyrethroids, though such exposure is unlikely to play a role in the vast majority of cases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive exposure to agricultural pesticides and risk of childhood leukemia in an Italian community

Malagoli

Costanzini

Heck

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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“…According to the German model (Martin et al, 2008) and UK guidance (CRD, 2008), the exposure estimates for bystanders and residents are below the AOEL. According to EUROPOEM II, the worker exposure estimates are below the AOEL for re-entry in treated grapes or kiwifruit orchards.…”

Section: Mammalian Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance forchlorfenuron

Arena¹,

Auteri²,

Barmaz³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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The conclusions of EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State, Spain, and co-rapporteur Member State, Greece, for the pesticide active substance forchlorfenuron are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of forchlorfenuron as a plant growth regulator on kiwifruit and grapes. The reliable end points, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concern is identified. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made.The EFSA Journal is a publication of the European Food Safety Authority, an agency of the European Union. In accordance with Article 1 of the Regulation, the rapporteur Member State (RMS), Spain, and co-rapporteur Member State (co-RMS), Greece, received an application from AlzChem AG for the renewal of approval of the active substance forchlorfenuron. Complying with Article 8 of the Regulation, the RMS checked the completeness of the dossier and informed the applicant, the co-RMS (Greece), the European Commission and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) about the admissibility.The RMS provided its initial evaluation of the dossier on forchlorfenuron in the renewal assessment report (RAR), which was received by EFSA on 27 May 2016. In accordance with Article 12 of the Regulation, EFSA distributed the RAR to the Member States and the applicant, AlzChem AG, for comments on 25 July 2016. EFSA also provided comments. In addition, EFSA conducted a public consultation on the RAR. EFSA collated and forwarded all comments received to the European Commission on 25 September 2016.Following consideration of the comments received on the RAR, it was concluded that additional information should be requested from the applicant, and that EFSA should conduct an expert consultation in the areas of mammalian toxicology and residues.In accordance with Article 13(1) of the Regulation, EFSA should adopt a conclusion on whether forchlorfenuron can be expected to meet the approval criteria provided for in Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council.The conclusions laid down in this report were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of forchlorfenuron as a plant growth regulator on kiwifruit and grapes as proposed by the applicant. Full details of the representative uses can be found in Appendix A of this report.Data were submitted to conclude that the uses of forchlorfenuron according to the representative uses proposed at the European Union (EU) level result in sufficient efficacy as a plant growt...

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“…As direct exposure to airborne spray droplets occurs only at the time of application or soon after, residents are mainly exposed to pesticides via the indirect dermal route from spray drift deposits (e.g. working, standing or sitting in a garden near to the application) and inhaled pesticide vapour that may occur continuously throughout the day (Felsot et al 2010; Martin et al 2008). We assumed that there was no entry of our target population into the treated crop.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How does exposure to pesticides vary in space and time for residents living near to treated orchards?

Wong

Garthwaite

Ramwell

et al. 2017

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This study investigated changes over 25 years (1987–2012) in pesticide usage in orchards in England and Wales and associated changes to exposure and risk for resident pregnant women living 100 and 1000 m downwind of treated areas. A model was developed to estimate aggregated daily exposure to pesticides via inhaled vapour and indirect dermal contact with contaminated ground, whilst risk was expressed as a hazard quotient (HQ) based on estimated exposure and the no observed (adverse) effect level for reproductive and developmental effects. Results show the largest changes occurred between 1987 and 1996 with total pesticide usage reduced by ca. 25%, exposure per unit of pesticide applied slightly increased, and a reduction in risk per unit exposure by factors of 1.3 to 3. Thereafter, there were no consistent changes in use between 1996 and 2012, with an increase in number of applications to each crop balanced by a decrease in average application rate. Exposure per unit of pesticide applied decreased consistently over this period such that values in 2012 for this metric were 48–65% of those in 1987, and there were further smaller decreases in risk per unit exposure. All aggregated hazard quotients were two to three orders of magnitude smaller than one, despite the inherent simplifications of assuming co-occurrence of exposure to all pesticides and additivity of effects. Hazard quotients at 1000 m were 5 to 16 times smaller than those at 100 m. There were clear signals of the impact of regulatory intervention in improving the fate and hazard profiles of pesticides used in orchards in England and Wales over the period investigated.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s11356-017-0064-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Guidance for Exposure and Risk Evaluation for Bystanders and Residents exposed to Plant Protection Products during and after Application

Cited by 40 publications

References 3 publications

Passive exposure to agricultural pesticides and risk of childhood leukemia in an Italian community

Passive exposure to agricultural pesticides and risk of childhood leukemia in an Italian community

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance forchlorfenuron

How does exposure to pesticides vary in space and time for residents living near to treated orchards?

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