Guidance on Reporting Ultrasound Exposure Conditions for Bio-Effects Studies

Low-Intensity Ultrasound Promotes Clathrin-Dependent Endocytosis for Drug Penetration into Tumor Cells

“…In vitro the probe was placed directly in contact with the cell culture medium. Therefore, the acoustic power that should be applied in vitro to reproduce the in vivo exposure conditions at the bone-muscle interface was calculated using an absorption coefficient of 0.6 dB/cm/MHz (ter Haar et al 2011). For in vitro experiments, the free field acoustic power was applied as follows: 9 W for 7 min, 7 W for 2 min, 5 W for 4 min, 6 W for 2 min 30 s and 5 W for the remaining 15 min.…”

Ultrasonic imaging: safety considerations

“…Nevertheless, they show the relative heating potential of the different imaging modes. The absorption coefficient of bone is many times that of soft tissues (for example, Duck [2] gives an average value for brain of 0.6 dB cm 21 MHz 21 and for skull bone of approx. 20 dB cm 21 MHz…”

“…The best papers in the literature describe the exposure conditions fully, giving the acoustic pressure (or intensity) distribution in the volume of interest, the frequency, the exposure time and the pulsing conditions where appropriate. A recent paper has described best practice in this regard [21]. The aim should be either that the conditions can be reproduced in another laboratory or that they can be related to clinical practice.…”

“…where f is the frequency and p r here is the rarefactional pressure reduced to account for any attenuation that would occur in the tissue path to the measurement point using an attenuation coefficient of 0.3 dB cm 21 …”

An innovative platform for treatment of vascular obstructions: System design and preliminary results

“…As for the former point, recent studies demonstrate the possibility of reproducing occlusions either in-vitro [17] or in-vivo. As regards the latter issue, some efforts are being devoted to standardization [18], by highlighting the importance of characterizing the involved experimental methods and setups. On regard, we develop a setup for in-vitro experiment; it is able to map the 3D pressure field generated by a commercial transducer (1 MHz HIFU transducer, Precision Acoustic, United Kingdom) and to perform experiments on blood clots.…”