Guided Bone Regeneration Using a Novel Magnesium Membrane: A Literature Review and a Report of Two Cases in Humans

Abstract

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a common procedure used to rebuild dimensional changes in the alveolar ridge that occur after extraction. In GBR, membranes are used to separate the bone defect from the underlying soft tissue. To overcome the shortcomings of commonly used membranes in GBR, a new resorbable magnesium membrane has been developed. A literature search was performed via MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed in February 2023 for research on magnesium barrier membranes. Of the 78 records reviewed, 16 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. In addition, this paper reports two cases where GBR was performed using a magnesium membrane and magnesium fixation system with immediate and delayed implant placement. No adverse reactions to the biomaterials were detected, and the membrane was completely resorbed after healing. The resorbable fixation screws used in both cases held the membranes in place during bone formation and were completely resorbed. Therefore, the pure magnesium membrane and magnesium fixation screws were found to be excellent biomaterials for GBR, which supports the findings of the literature review.

Horizontal and Vertical Defect Management with a Novel Degradable Pure Magnesium Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) Membrane—A Clinical Case

“…Wound dehiscence was previously reported in an in vivo study using the membrane [16]. However, in this instance, and in concurrence with the published cases [24][25][26][27], there were no clinical observations associated with the release of hydrogen gas.…”

“…In the reported study, the membrane maintained a barrier function in a GBR model as efficiently as a collagen membrane control group [16]. The potential for the membrane has also been demonstrated clinically [24,26,27].…”

“…Tooth 27 also had a periodontal pocket of 5 mm. Periapical X-ray (Figure 1a) showed periapical bone loss to the first premolar (24), which appears to have been treated endodontically in an incongruous way. The second molar (27) showed a mesial bone defect.…”

“…As it degrades, it releases magnesium ions, which are naturally prevalent within the body and are present in almost every cell [21]. Its initial mechanical strength provides a rigid three-dimensional volumetric maintenance to stabilize the underlying bone graft during the critical healing period, yet reabsorbs in the subsequent months following implantation in a complete and predictable way [14,16,[22][23][24][25][26][27]. The membrane has undergone substantial preclinical research [14,16], and since its CE approval, its clinical performance has been reported in several case studies [24][25][26][27].…”

Evaluation between Biodegradable Magnesium Metal GBR Membrane and Bovine Graft with or without Hyaluronate

“…The magnesium-based GBR membrane has a similar barrier function to the collagen membranes but exerts additional space maintenance properties comparable to titanium-based products [ 28 , 29 ]. It has already been shown that the membrane provides a good bone tissue regeneration and soft tissue healing in combination with an allograft biomaterial [ 33 , 34 ], and a recent review highlighted the many benefits of magnesium metal membranes. The biocompatibility, inflammatory response, and non-toxicity of the magnesium membrane were recently reported [ 28 ].…”