“…The key feature of type II superconductors is the anomalous mixed state where in the presence of magnetic fields normal conducting regions surrounded by persistent circular supercurrents-i.e., vortices-nucleate in the superconducting material and the motion of these vortices without pinning causes electric dissipation [1][2][3]. It is well known that most of the high-T c superconductors are categorized as type II superconductors, and controlling vortices on demand is one of the important prerequisites for creating novel superconducting devices [4][5][6][7].…”