Guidelines for ecological compensation associated with highways

Social responsibility in infrastructure mega-projects: A case study of ecological compensation for Sousa chinensis during the construction of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge

“…Ecological compensation is the substitution of ecological functions or qualities that are impaired by development (Cuperus et al, 1996(Cuperus et al, , 1999; it plays one of the most indispensable roles in the social responsibility of infrastructure mega-projects. In general, the main purpose of ecological compensation is either to improve damaged areas or to create new habitats with ecological functions and quality attributes (Allen and Feddema, 1996).…”

“…Cuperus et al (1996Cuperus et al ( , 1999Cuperus et al ( , 2001, and 2002) carried out a series of studies on the ecological compensation involved in the improvement of the Dutch highway network, including the guidelines for the ecological compensation and the specific ecological compensation measures in the planning phase, as well as the preparation and implementation of the ecological compensation measures. Seen through a review of the environmental impact assessment records for this decision, Villarroya and Puig (2013) explored the particular role that ecological compensation has had in road and railway environmental impact assessment procedures in Spain.…”

Eco-compensation and harmonious regional development in China

“…The other is more general, not only containing the marketization concept of payment, but also the moral and social equity notion of compensation of eco-benefit losers, such as eco-compensation (Mao et al, 2002;Yang et al, 2013), ecological compensation (Cuperus et al, 1999;Brown et al, 2013), ecology compensation (Wang and Ma, 2002;Mao et al, 2008), and environmental compensation (Cowell, 1997;Rundcrantz and Skärbäck, 2003). This concept derives from welfare economics.…”

“…To internalize these externalities losers can pay the gainers not to undertake actions with undesirable side effects, or gainers can compensate the losers so that an activity can go ahead without making the losers worse-off. Ecological compensation Cuperus et al, 1999;Brown et al, 2013 Ecology compensation Wang and Ma, 2002;Mao and Wang, 2008 Payments for environmental services Wunder, 2005;Muradian and Rival, 2013 Environmental compensation Cowell, 1997;Rundcrantz and Skärbäck , 2003 Compensation for ecosystem services Zheng and Zhang, 2006 Environmental services payments Bienabe and Hearne, 2006;Kalacska et al, 2008 As to the problem of what eco-compensation intrinsically is, academics have also not given uniform answers (Cuperus et al, 1996;Babcock et al, 1997;Cuperus et al, 2001;Sara et al, 2002;Jenkins et al, 2004;Pagiola and Platais, 2007;Engel et al, 2008). To sum up, there are following viewpoints.…”

Where and how to manage: Optimal selection of conservation actions for multiple species.

“…Also in the field of habitat restoration decisions are required between multiple alternative management options: The planning of agri-environment schemes and biodiversity offsets-i.e. areas where habitat is restored in order to compensate for habitat loss elsewhere due to development activities-are examples where multiple management actions are available to improve habitat quality of degraded sites (Cuperus et al 1999;Manchester et al 1999;Ten Kate et al 2004;Donald and Evans 2006).…”