Guidelines for Preventing Opportunistic Infections among HIV-Infected Persons—2002: Recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America*

Abstract

In 1995, the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) developed guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections (OIs) among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); these guidelines were updated in 1997 and 1999. This fourth edition of the guidelines, made available on the Internet in 2001, is intended for clinicians and other health-care providers who care for HIV-infected persons. The goal of these guidelines is to provide evidence-based guidelines for preventing OIs among HIV-infected adults and adolescents, including pregnant women, and HIV-exposed or infected children. Nineteen OIs, or groups of OIs, are addressed, and recommendations are included for preventing exposure to opportunistic pathogens, preventing first episodes of disease by chemoprophylaxis or vaccination (primary prophylaxis), and preventing disease recurrence (secondary prophylaxis). Major changes since the last edition of the guidelines include 1) updated recommendations for discontinuing primary and secondary OI prophylaxis among persons whose CD4+ T lymphocyte counts have increased in response to antiretroviral therapy; 2) emphasis on screening all HIV-infected persons for infection with hepatitis C virus; 3) new information regarding transmission of human herpesvirus 8 infection; 4) new information regarding drug interactions, chiefly related to rifamycins and antiretroviral drugs; and 5) revised recommendations for immunizing HIV-infected adults and adolescents and HIV-exposed or infected children.

Utilization of a basic care and prevention package by HIV-infected persons in Uganda

“…In the three TASO evaluated, BCPs had been distributed to about 25% of clients in the first 6 months of the project, and most clients had put the interventions to use. These findings support the recommendation to make evidencebased care and prevention interventions widely available to people with HIV (Masur 2002.…”

Multiplexed Cell-Counting Methods by Using Functional Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots

“…The optical measurement system consists of one blue laser (488 nm), one emission filter for a FITC detection (FL1, 530 ± 20 nm), and another emission filter for a R-PE detection (FL2, 575 ± 20 nm) positioned in front of each PMTs. (Masur et al, 2002). However, lymphocyte subsets (including CD4 + T-cells) of infants and young children are higher than those of adults, therefore the ratio of CD4 + T-cells to other blood cells, i.e., CD4/CD45%, CD4/CD8% or CD4/CD3%, is a more reliable indicator of HIV infection than absolute CD4 + T-cell counts (Shearer et al, 2003, Organization, 2006.…”

Early Impact and Performance Characteristics of an Established Anal Dysplasia Screening Program: Program Evaluation Considerations

“…Additional limitations include: (1) incomplete case ascertainment as a result of loss to follow up; (2) possible selection bias in offering and accepting screening; and (3) possible overdiagnosis bias if some of the early stage IAC cases may not have progressed. The analyses were presented to illustrate approaches to evaluation of evolving screening programs for IAC and its precursor lesions in HIV-infected patient populations.…”

“…Our specific research aims were: (1) to estimate the incidence of invasive anal cancer (IAC) and case-survival before (1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000) and after (2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005) screening program implementation and (2) to examine potential screening program quality indicators. We hypothesized that screening-prompted early surgical intervention for IAC would reduce the incidence of IAC requiring treatment with chemoradiation (IAC chemorad ).…”