Guidelines for Reporting Novel
            <i>mecA</i>
            Gene Homologues

Ito, Teruyo; Hiramatsu, Kazumasa; Tomasz, Alexander; Lencastre, Hermı́nia de; Perreten, Vincent; Holden, Matthew T. G.; Coleman, David C.; Goering, Richard V.; Giffard, Philip M.; Skov, Robert; Zhang, Kunyan; Westh, Henrik; O’Brien, Frances; Tenover, Fred C.; Oliveira, Duarte C.; Boyle-Vavra, Susan; Laurent, François; Kearns, Angela; Kreiswirth, Barry N.; Ko, Kwan Soo; Grundmann, Hajo; Sollid, Johanna U. Ericson; John, Joseph F.; Daum, Robert S.; Söderquist, Bo; Buist, Girbe

doi:10.1128/aac.01199-12

Cited by 155 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Mobility of ACME is associated with recombinase genes present on the SCCmec elements (Goering et al, 2007;Diep et al, 2008). The SCCmec elements contain the mec genes-mecA or mecC (mecA LGA251 )-which encode alternative penicillin-binding proteins (PBP 2a) and confer resistance to all β-lactam antimicrobials (García-Álvarez et al, 2011;Ito et al, 2012). In Staph.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci from bovine mastitis milk

Frey

Rodríguez

Thomann

et al. 2013

Journal of Dairy Science

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Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS; n = 417) were isolated from bovine milk and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-offlight mass spectrometry. Nineteen different species were identified, and Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus sciuri were the most prevalent species. Resistance to oxacillin (47.0% of the isolates), fusidic acid (33.8%), tiamulin (31.9%), penicillin (23.3%), tetracycline (15.8%), streptomycin (9.6%), erythromycin (7.0%), sulfonamides (5%), trimethoprim (4.3%), clindamycin (3.4%), kanamycin (2.4%), and gentamicin (2.4%) was detected. Resistance to oxacillin was attributed to the mecA gene in 9.7% of the oxacillin-resistant isolates. The remaining oxacillin-resistant CNS did not contain the mecC gene or mecA1 promoter mutations. The mecA gene was detected in Staphylococcus fleurettii, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staph. haemolyticus, and Staph. xylosus. Resistance to tetracycline was attributed to the presence of tet(K) and tet(L), penicillin resistance to blaZ, streptomycin resistance to str and ant(6)-Ia, and erythromycin resistance to erm(C), erm(B), and msr. Resistance to tiamulin and fusidic acid could not be attributed to an acquired resistance gene. In total, 15.1% of the CNS isolates were multidrug resistant (i.e., resistant to 2 or more antimicrobials). The remaining CNS isolates were susceptible to antimicrobials commonly used in mastitis treatment. Methicillin-resistant CNS isolates were diverse, as determined by mecA gene sequence analysis, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec typing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Arginine catabolic mobile element types 1 and 3 were detected in both methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staph. epidermidis and were associated with sequence types ST59 and ST111. Because this study revealed the presence of multidrugresistant CNS in a heterogeneous CNS population, we recommend antibiogram analysis of CNS in persistent infections before treatment with antimicrobials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci from bovine mastitis milk

Frey

Rodríguez

Thomann

et al. 2013

Journal of Dairy Science

Self Cite

141

100

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“…The mecC gene in S04009 shares 93.5% nucleotide identity to mecC in S. aureus LGA251 and 69.9% to mecA from S. aureus strain MRSA252. Based on the current guidelines for reporting mecA homologs, the S04009 mecC gene is a new allotype of the LGA251 mecC, herein referred to as mecC1 (16). Sequence analysis of the mecC1 gene identified a frameshift mutation close to the 5= end of the gene, resulting in a truncated 64-amino-acid (aa) product, providing a molecular basis for the oxacillin and cefoxitin susceptibility of strain S04009.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Staphylococcus xylosus Isolate with a New mecC Allotype

Harrison

Paterson

Holden

et al. 2013

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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jRecently, a novel variant of mecA known as mecC (mecA LGA251 ) was identified in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from both humans and animals. In this study, we identified a Staphylococcus xylosus isolate that harbors a new allotype of the mecC gene, mecC1. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that mecC1 forms part of a class E mec complex (mecI-mecR1-mecC1-blaZ) located at the orfX locus as part of a likely staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmec) remnant, which also contains a number of other genes present on the type XI SCCmec. Methicillin resistance in staphylococci is encoded by mecA, encoding the penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which has a low affinity for beta-lactam antibiotics (1). As a result, the transpeptidase activity of PBP2a is functional at normally inhibitory concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics, allowing cell wall synthesis to occur (2-4). Recently, a novel variant of mecA was identified in Staphylococcus aureus from cattle (5), humans, and a range of other animal species (6) in Denmark, France, The Netherlands, Ireland, Germany, Belgium, and the United Kingdom (5, 7-11). This subtype was originally designated mecA LGA251 but has since been renamed mecC and shares 70% nucleotide identity with the conventional mecA gene. The mecC gene is present with its cognate regulators mecI-mecR1, as part of a class E mec complex that shares structural similarity (mecI-mecR1-mecC-blaZ) with a mec gene complex found in Macrococcus caseolyticus (12). The class E complex is present as part of a larger, 29.4-kb, type XI staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmec) inserted at orfX; this element also includes the recombinase genes ccrAB and arsenic resistance genes. In this work, we describe a highly related mecC homolog present in the orfX locus in a Staphylococcus xylosus.A search of the EMBL nucleotide database identified submission of sequences from S. xylosus strain S04009 (13) with a high degree of similarity (Ͼ90%) to mecC (5, 8). However, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of strain S04009 by disk diffusion with oxacillin and cefoxitin showed it to be susceptible to both antibiotics but resistant to penicillin using British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC) criteria (version 10.2) (data not shown). Therefore, we submitted the mecC-positive strain S04009 and a mecC-negative S. xylosus isolate, S040010, for whole-genome sequencing to further characterize the mecC-containing region. Illumina library preparation was carried out as described by Quail et al. (14), and HiSeq sequencing was carried out following the manufacturer's standard protocols (Illumina, Inc.). Genome sequencing confirmed the presence of a mecC homolog in S04009 located downstream of the S. xylosus orfX homolog, a region associated with horizontally transferred elements (Fig. 1). Immediately downstream of orfX in S04009 is a 3.3-kb region that shows a high degree of similarity (Ͼ95% nucleotide identity) to the 3= end of the arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) in the S. aureus USA300 strai...

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“…LGA251 and later designated as mecC (Ito et al, 2012). This mecC gene has also been reported in CoNS as Staphylococcus stepanovicii, Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylcoccus scirui (Harrison et al, 2013a(Harrison et al, , 2013bLoncaric et al, 2013).…”

Section: Assessment Of Methicillin-resistant Coagulasenegative Staphymentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial susceptibility profile and research of mec A and erm genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from platelet concentrates bags

Martini

Hörner

Graichen³

2017

Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.

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In recent years, several studies have described the clinical impact of bacterial infection associated with transfusion of platelet concentrates (PCs). Among the blood components, PCs are responsible for the highest rates of bacterial contamination as well as septic transfusion reactions. We assessed antimicrobial susceptibility profile, resistance to methicillin (MRCoNS), and resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins of group B (MLS B ) of 16 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates from an investigation in 691 PCs bags. We then compared conventional and automated phenotypic methods, disc diffusion test (DD) and VITEK® 2, respectively as well as phenotypic and genotypic methods (Polymerase Chain Reaction -PCR). All CoNS were susceptible to vancomycin. The disc diffusion test characterized 18.75% as MRCoNS and 37.5% with inducible resistance to MLS B (iMLS B ), and with VITEK® 2, 6.3% and 31.25%, respectively. The mecA gene was detected in 18.75% and the erm gene in 31.25% of the isolates. In this study, we found equal percentage values between presence of the mecA gene by PCR and resistance to methicillin using cefoxitin by DD test, evidence of the erm gene by PCR, and iMLS B resistance by automation (VITEK® 2). Moreover, we identified three strains with beta-lactamase overproduction, and the occurrence of a bigger mistake was verified when automation was compared with DD test. And we observed that D-test was the most reliable for the detection of iMLS B resistance in Staphylococcus sp.

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Guidelines for Reporting Novel mecA Gene Homologues

Cited by 155 publications

References 22 publications

Genetic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci from bovine mastitis milk

Genetic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci from bovine mastitis milk

A Staphylococcus xylosus Isolate with a New mecC Allotype

Antimicrobial susceptibility profile and research of mec A and erm genes in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from platelet concentrates bags

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