Guilds, Male Bonding and Women's Work in Early Modern Germany

Work, History of

“…Work that promised to yield profits, was learned and practiced according to formalized rules, coalesced into formalized occupations, and had organized politically along occupational lines became the domain of men. Early 'classical' studies of women's work and some recent research proceed under the assumption that up to the beginning of the modern period women also took part in artisanal market production and were organized in guildseither in exclusive women's guilds or mixed guilds (Wiesner, 1989). According to this perspective, it was not until later that there occurred a gradual exclusion of women, be that as a consequence of 'male bonding,' the spread of capitalism, or the Industrial Revolution.…”

Men at Home: Domesticities, Authority, Emotions and Work (Thirteenth–Twentieth Centuries)

“…Research on Germany has shown that 'transience, prodigality, physical bravery, and comradliness [sic] made one a true man among journeymen, in sharp contrast to the master's virtues of thrift, reliability, and stability'. 75 Research on England has shown that:…”

‘Taming Don Juan’: Limiting Masculine Sexuality in Counter‐Reformation Spain

“…This mirrors the journeymen's definitions of masculinity in Nuremberg described by Merry Wiesner-Hanks; matrimony and chastity emasculated men. 83 During Spain's 'Golden Age' there were countless cases of independently minded men who flouted the attempts to reform masculine behaviour that I have outlined above. They consistently embraced a more disruptive masculine sexuality.…”