In this article, we draw on insights from the interactionist perspective in sociology and international relations (IR) norm contestation literature to explore the relationship between deviance and normative change in international politics. In IR, this is still largely unexplored territory: we already know a great deal about how norms change, yet we know much less about the actual role norm violations play in this process. In order to address this gap, we conceptualize three types of normative contestation and affirmation that take place in connection with deviance (re)construction: (1) applicatory contestation and affirmation, reconstructing the meanings of international norms; (2) justificatory contestation and affirmation, challenging and reaffirming the legitimacy of international norms; and (3) hierarchical contestation and affirmation, contesting and reaffirming the relative value and importance of international norms. We discuss how, as a consequence of these dynamics, deviance-making produces both stability and change in the normative structure of world politics. 1 We use the term 'deviance' in its traditional sociological sense of 'certain deviations from social norms which encounter disapproval' (Clinard 1957, vii). While the main focus of sociology as a discipline has been on deviant behaviour, deviance also encompasses norm-violating attitudes (beliefs) and conditions (Adler and Adler 2014, 13). For a discussion on competing definitions of deviance in sociology, see Clinard and Meier (2011, 6-9).