“…In this regard, Schomaker et al ( 2021 ) argued that the EU's reaction in the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic was based on centralized and decentralized decisions, and it was characterized by formal initiatives and informal actions given the EU has not developed a transboundary crisis management capacity, so far (Townend et al, 2020 ). On the other hand, the spread of COVID‐19 has not spared the countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), all of which are, to varying degrees and according to their means, engaged in the fight against the new, common enemy (Talbot, 2020 ). The Gulf countries, according to a March 2020 WHO preparedness assessment, have a sustainable capacity to respond to the coronavirus crisis due to the substantial investments in infrastructure and personnel that they have undertaken over the past 25 years (OCDE, 2020 ).…”