Gum Formation in Gasoline. II. Control of Gum Formation in Gasoline by Antioxidants

Rogers, T. H.; Voorhees, V.

doi:10.1021/ie50281a011

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Antioxidants are known to vary in inhibitory effectiveness (14) T h i s c o n t e n t i s When added to gasolines in sufficient amounts to give comparable induction periods, antioxidants also vary in their effectiveness for preventing gum formation. The behavior of typical antioxidants is shown in Figure 12.…”

Section: Studies On Commercial Blendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry of Gum Formation in Cracked Gasoline

Walters¹,

Minor²,

Yabroff³

1949

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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Section: Studies On Commercial Blendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry of Gum Formation in Cracked Gasoline

Walters¹,

Minor²,

Yabroff³

1949

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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“…Even if the number of publications on this subject is reduced, gum formation is a pre-occupation since the late 1920, with the problem of stability in cracked gasoline. − The present work intends to review all information available in the literature on the formation of gum in gasoline blends. First, stability concepts, gum formation, and a general structure of gum are defined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gum Formation in Gasoline and Its Blends: A Review

Pradelle¹,

Braga²,

Martins³

et al. 2015

Energy Fuels

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Gasoline is a volatile mixture of hydrocarbons that is used in spark-ignition (SI) engines. It is a complex mixture composed of olefinic, paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons (C 4 −C 12 ), among other substances in a smaller concentration. In several countries, such as Brazil, ethanol is used pure as a renewable fuel for SI engines, especially in flex fuel engines, and/or an additive to improve the octane number of gasoline. During storage, some classes of hydrocarbons in gasoline blends, particularly olefins and diolefins, are able to slowly react, at ambient temperatures, with the oxygen in the air. The formed oxidation products are responsible for the formation of an insoluble solid, commonly called deposits or gums, which sticks to the metal surfaces along the vehicle-fuel system, from the tank to the combustion chamber. Accumulation of these products can cause engine wear and can have adverse effects on engine efficiency, performance, emission, and durability. Consequently, it is necessary to predict gasoline blend behavior and prevent gum formation, improving gasoline quality and using additives. Even if the number of publications dedicated to gum formation in gasoline blends is reduced, results available in the literature for other fuels can be applied to the gasoline issue. This review intends to define more precise fuel stability concepts and what is considered a gum. It also aims to present the oxidation mechanism involved in gum formation, determine the main parameters influencing gum deposition in gasoline blends, and describe the experimental tools available to measure gum content.

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“…Gum refers to the resinous, non-volatile, high molecular weight polymeric material formed in fuels in storage or when exposed to high temperature conditions during combustion in engines [1]. Gum formation and inhibition in refined petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel and aviation fuel has been extensively studied as a result of its impact on product storability and engine performance but similar studies on gas condensates are scarce [2][3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Red Onion Skin Extract as Inhibitor for Gum Formation in Gas Condensates

Bamidele

Iwundu²,

Eke

et al. 2019

CSIJ

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In the upstream sector, gum in condensate causes significant erosion in value worth millions of dollars per annum and increases operational cost due to high injection concentration of conventional antioxidants. Phenolic compounds are commonly used at low concentrations in the downstream sector to inhibit gum formation in refined petroleum products. However, gum inhibition in condensates, in the upstream sector, requires high concentrations of phenolic antioxidant. Therefore, there is need for cheaper and more effective antioxidants for gas condensates. The present study investigates the use of Red Onion Skin Extract (ROSE) as a natural inhibitor for gum formation in condensate based on ASTM D381. Treatments with ethanolic extracts of red onion skin were carried out on seven gas condensate samples with gum formation tendency. At a dosage of 200ppm red onion skin extract caused a reduction of 17.4% to 99.6% in washed gum content of the condensate samples. The performance of ROSE was comparable to, and in some condensates better than, commercially available catechol. The result obtained using ROSE highlights the need to explore the commercial viability of this application in oil & gas upstream operations.

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Gum Formation in Gasoline. II. Control of Gum Formation in Gasoline by Antioxidants

Cited by 6 publications

References 2 publications

Chemistry of Gum Formation in Cracked Gasoline

Chemistry of Gum Formation in Cracked Gasoline

Gum Formation in Gasoline and Its Blends: A Review

Evaluation of Red Onion Skin Extract as Inhibitor for Gum Formation in Gas Condensates

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