“…There are four main types of panoramic vision cameras: pan-tilt rotating, fisheye lens, multi-camera stitching, and catadioptric. In particular, a catadioptric panoramic camera uses a special type of mirror, called a catadioptric mirror, to direct light from different angles onto a single image sensor, thus capturing panoramic images (Jaramillo et al, 2016 ). Consisting mainly of a convex reflecting mirror, an imaging lens, and a photosensitive component (Baker and Nayar, 1998 , 1999 ), the catadioptric panoramic camera avoids the complicated designs associated with optical lens structures and solves the problem of image distortion (Liu et al, 2016 ).…”