Gunshot residue determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

Dahl, Darwin B.; Slahck, Stephen C; Lott, Peter F.

doi:10.1016/0026-265x(85)90024-4

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…He combined the technology with SEM/Edx to analyze inorganic residues. Dahl et al (Dahl et al, 1985) reported the use of HPLC-EC for swabbed stabilizer detection. These stabilizers serve as an identification means of gunshot residue.…”

Section: Marshall and Tewari Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gunshot residue detection technologies—a review

Shrivastava

Jain

Nagpal

2021

Egypt J Forensic Sci

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Background Gunshot residue (GSR) is a shred of important trace evidence which helps forensic scientists solve a huge range of incidents related to firearms. The identification of the shooter to bullet identification from a gunshot wound help reconstruct a scene of the crime. Main body The review of this scientific paper is based on gunshot residue, its composition, and the growing advanced technology which allow us to study about how GSR analysis help to identify and detect residues. Various methods are acquired to identify and analyze organic and inorganic residues present when ammunition is fired. The review highlights the composition of GSR, its collection methods, and analysis part which emphasize on all the methods developed so far. The use of conventional methods including colorimetric and instrumentation-based analysis and advanced technology including electrochemical technique for detecting residues from the last 50 years. Spot tests or chemical tests were performed but they degrade the sample and can sometimes cause hindrance with some other nearby material present at the crime scene. Instrumentation techniques including AAS, ICP-MS, SEM, SEM-EDX, GC, HPLC, etc. are discussed in detail. Mostly advanced electrochemical methods developed are for inorganic gunshot residues (IGSR), but some researchers worked on both residues. Also, the fabricated electrochemical cells are replaced by a single strip-based technique for easy detection. So, to combat these issues, various scientists are moving towards sensor-based methods for rapid and reliable detection. These methods are more user-friendly, sensitive, and cost-effective and provide rapid detection results. Conclusions This review results in the composition of GSR, its collection methods, and analysis using sophisticated methods that emphasize all the methods developed so far and it also culminates the merits and demerits of all detection methods.

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Section: Marshall and Tewari Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gunshot residue detection technologies—a review

Shrivastava

Jain

Nagpal

2021

Egypt J Forensic Sci

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“…A procedure for the detection of gunshot residue through the presence of diphenylamine has been proposed. The method incorporates HPLC with electrochemical detection (359). The distribution, shape, and composition of GSR around wounds allows for an estimation of the distance between the gun and the target within the range of several inches to several feet (360).…”

Section: Trace Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Forensic science

Brettell¹,

Saferstein²

1987

Anal. Chem.

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“…A recent article (1) and the following correspondence (2,3) in Analytical Chemistry have in part been concerned with the characterization of firearms discharge residues by means of the diphenylamine (DPA) that they contain: DPA is normally found as the stabilizer in single base firearms propellants, and less often in double base propellants (4). The residual DPA may be identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with oxidative amperometric detection, e.g., oii the skin (5,6) and clothing (7) of subjects who have discharged a firearm. However, the usefulness of the technique in forensic science work has been restricted by the presence of interfering materials from skin surfaces particularly (5,7) and by the lack of information on the incidental amounts of DPA that might be found in the absence of firearms residues.…”

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confidence: 99%

Diphenylamine traces in handswabs and clothing debris: clean-up and liquid chromatography with sequential oxidative and reductive electrochemical detection

Lloyd¹

1987

Anal. Chem.

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1401rameters (column length and film thickness, stationary phase, etc.) could further extend the upper limit of the proposed SFC method. In Lipsky and Duffy's paper (I@, it was claimed that "hundreds of analyses of hydrocarbons by GC at high temperatures (400 "C+) were performed without any detrimental effects with respect to peak quantitation". However, no quantitative data were given in this paper or others to support this contention. Admittedly, the results presented in the present paper have not proven actual sample decomposition during the high-temperature GC-SIMDIS procedure but merely indicate the strong possibility thereof as based on our TGA experiments. Clearly, a comprehensive study is warranted to fully investigate the fate of high-boiling petroleum components during GC analysis at temperatures reaching 430-440 O C . (42) Glinzer, 0.; Lubke, M.; Severin, D. Erdoel Kohle, Erdgas , Petrochem. 1984, 3 7 , 221. (15) Lipsky, S. R.; Dum, M. L. LC-GC 1988, 4 , 898.Because of Its low basicity, diphenylamine (DPA) adsorbed from acetonltrile onto a strongly acidic cation exchange resin Is readily displaced by small amounts of water. Hence, mlcrocohmns of the resin may be used In the selectbe recovery of DPA from clothing debrls and from handswab extracts. The eluates are analyzed by hlgh-performance liquid chromatography with oxldative detection at porous graphlte electrodes, when DPA undergoes a four-electron oxldatlon, followed by reductive detection of the oxidatlon product at a pendent mercury drop electrode. Some examples are quoted of background amounts of DPA that overlap the published resutts of DPA transfer due to firearms discharge.A recent article (1) and the following correspondence (2, 3) in Analytical Chemistry have in part been concerned with the characterization of firearms discharge residues by means of the diphenylamine (DPA) that they contain: DPA is normally found as the stabilizer in single base firearms propellants, and less often in double base propellants (4). The residual DPA may be identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with oxidative amperometric detection, e.g., on the skin (5,s) and clothing (7) of subjects who have discharged a firearm. However, the usefulness of the technique in forensic science work has been restricted by the presence of interfering materials from skin surfaces particularly (5, 7) and by the lack of information on the incidental amounts of DPA that might be found in the absence of firearms residues. That these amounts are usually insignificant has been implicit to the published results. The work described here was addressed to this assumption. But apart from DPA,

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Gunshot residue determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

Cited by 11 publications

References 13 publications

Gunshot residue detection technologies—a review

Gunshot residue detection technologies—a review

Forensic science

Diphenylamine traces in handswabs and clothing debris: clean-up and liquid chromatography with sequential oxidative and reductive electrochemical detection

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