Gut-brain communication and obesity: understanding functions of the vagus nerve

Berthoud, Hans‐Rudolf; Albaugh, Vance L.; Neuhuber, Winfried

doi:10.1172/jci143770

Cited by 57 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 149 publications

(183 reference statements)

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“…We tested an alternative set of ∼ 400 factors from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [36], with a much finer description of industrial and economic activities. The difference between the final results calculated using the ADEME and EPA factors was at the 25% level, and there was overall good agreement in the distribution of emissions over the different expenses 7 . We therefore kept the ADEME set of emission factors since it is more relevant to France than the EPA set.…”

Section: Purchase Of Good and Servicesmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…The expenditure on goods and services at IRAP for 2019 amounts to 3657 ke, ex- 7 The EPA set of emission factors for the different GHG gases was converted into CO 2 e using global warming potential values for a 100-year time horizon from the GHG Protocol [30] and the spendings in 2018 US dollars were translated into 2019 euros using a currency exchange rate of 0.911. The size of the rectangles is proportional to the GHG emissions.…”

Section: Purchase Of Good and Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We adopt the overall emission factors estimated in Ref. [7]. For France we have an interval of 7 to 40 g CO 2 e/GB/yr and we adopt a representative value of 25 g CO 2 e/GB/yr.…”

Section: External Computing Storage and Data Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The carbon footprint of IRAP

Martin¹,

Brau-Nogué²,

Coriat³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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With ∼ 260 staff members employed at our institute, our results imply that performing research in astronomy and astrophysics at IRAP according to the standards of 2019 produces average GHG emissions of 28 t CO 2 e/yr per person involved in that activity. This figure lies well above the target global average budget of 2 t CO 2 e/yr per capita by 2050. However, the footprint is spread across a variety of social and economic sectors, and so are the benefits of the research activity. As a consequence, the emission reduction to be achieved by scientific research should be made on open and democratic grounds, in a debate reaching beyond scientific communities and informed by facts and figures such as those presented here.Regardless of the exact reduction goals for our community, the magnitude of the challenge and the necessity to quickly engage into an effective transition calls for acting on all aspects of the problem: lowering the carbon intensity of our activities, reducing their pace, and shifting our work practices towards less emission-intensive options. At the level of our own institute, we show that emissions in the restricted perimeter can be reduced by up to 30%, by changing our traveling habits and adopting different practices for commuting. Revising the criteria for the purchase of goods and services could provide an additional significant reduction. At the community level, the most urgent objective should be to lower the carbon footprint of research infrastructures and avoid that it keeps growing with the deployment of new facilities.

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Section: Purchase Of Good and Servicesmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Purchase Of Good and Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The carbon footprint of IRAP

Martin¹,

Brau-Nogué²,

Coriat³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…The interaction between gut microbiota and the CNS via the MGB axis is critical in regulating stress coping strategy and ability [ 16 , 85 ]. The HPA axis developmentally cross-talks with gut microbiota [ 86 ], which hints the gut microbes’ role in shaping neurogenesis and related behavioral development in offspring.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Embryonic Exposure to Tryptophan Yields Bullying Victimization via Reprogramming the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in a Chicken Model

Huang

Peng

et al. 2022

Nutrients

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Maternal metabolic disorder during early pregnancy may give rise to emotional and behavioral disorders in the child, vulnerable to bullying. Placental tryptophan fluctuation consequently disrupts offspring gut microbiome and brain neurogenesis with long-lasting physiological and social behavioral impacts. The aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that the excess gestational tryptophan may affect children’s mental and physical development via modifying the microbiota-gut-brain axis, which lays the foundation of their mental status. Chicken embryo was employed due to its robust microbiota and independence of maternal influences during embryogenesis. The results indicated that embryonic tryptophan exposure reduced body weight and aggressiveness in the male offspring before and during adolescence. Additionally, the relative gut length and crypt depth were increased, while the villus/crypt ratio was decreased in tryptophan treated roosters, which was corresponding to the changes in the cecal microbiota composition. Furthermore, the catecholamine concentrations were increased in tryptophan group, which may be associated with the alterations in the gut microbiome and the gut-brain axis’s function. These changes may underlie the sociometric status of bullying; clarify how gestational tryptophan fluctuation compromises bullying and provide a strategy to prevent bullying by controlling dietary tryptophan and medication therapy during pregnancy.

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“…The NTS integrates vagal afferent signals and relays the information up to higher brain regions such as the hypothalamus, or reflexes back down to the dorsal motor nuclei of the brainstem where vagal efferent neurons project out to effector organs. 46 Spinal neurons, with cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), project into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. These signals are relayed up to the brain and integrated, or they induce reflex activation of motor neurons which may bypass the brain.…”

Section: Function and Anatomy Of The Peripheral And Enteric Nervous S...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Communication between the gut microbiota and peripheral nervous system in health and chronic disease

Cook

Mansuy‐Aubert

2022

Gut Microbes

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Trillions of bacteria reside within our gastrointestinal tract, ideally forming a mutually beneficial relationship between us. However, persistent changes in diet and lifestyle in the western diet and lifestyle contribute to a damaging of the gut microbiota-host symbiosis leading to diseases such as obesity and irritable bowel syndrome. Many symptoms and comorbidities associated with these diseases stem from dysfunctional signaling in peripheral neurons. Our peripheral nervous system (PNS) is comprised of a variety of sensory, autonomic, and enteric neurons which coordinate key homeostatic functions such as gastrointestinal motility, digestion, immunity, feeding behavior, glucose and lipid homeostasis, and more. The composition and signaling of bacteria in our gut dramatically influences how our peripheral neurons regulate these functions, and we are just beginning to uncover the molecular mechanisms mediating this communication. In this review, we cover the general anatomy and function of the PNS, and then we discuss how the molecules secreted or stimulated by gut microbes signal through the PNS to alter host development and physiology. Finally, we discuss how leveraging the power of our gut microbes on peripheral nervous system signaling may offer effective therapies to counteract the rise in chronic diseases crippling the western world.

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Gut-brain communication and obesity: understanding functions of the vagus nerve

Cited by 57 publications

References 149 publications

The carbon footprint of IRAP

The carbon footprint of IRAP

Embryonic Exposure to Tryptophan Yields Bullying Victimization via Reprogramming the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in a Chicken Model

Communication between the gut microbiota and peripheral nervous system in health and chronic disease

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