Gut Dysbiosis and Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction: Potential Explanation for Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease that commonly affects individuals aged more than 50 years old globally. Regular colorectal screening, which is recommended for individuals aged 50 and above, has decreased the number of cancer death toll over the years. However, CRC incidence has increased among younger population (below 50 years old). Environmental factors, such as smoking, dietary factor, urbanization, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity, may contribute to the rising trend of early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) because of the lack of genetic susceptibility. Research has focused on the role of gut microbiota and its interaction with epithelial barrier genes in sporadic CRC. Population with increased consumption of grain and vegetables showed high abundance of Prevotella, which reduces the risk of CRC. Microbes, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli deteriorate in the intestinal barrier, which leads to the infiltration of inflammatory mediators and chemokines. Gut dysbiosis may also occur following inflammation as clearly observed in animal model. Both gut dysbiosis pre- or post-inflammatory process may cause major alteration in the morphology and functional properties of the gut tissue and explain the pathological outcome of EOCRC. The precise mechanism of disease progression from an early stage until cancer establishment is not fully understood. We hypothesized that gut dysbiosis, which may be influenced by environmental factors, may induce changes in the genome, metabolome, and immunome that could destruct the intestinal barrier function. Also, the possible underlying inflammation may give impact microbial community leading to disruption of physical and functional role of intestinal barrier. This review explains the potential role of the interaction among host factors, gut microenvironment, and gut microbiota, which may provide an answer to EOCRC.

Gut Mycobiome Dysbiosis is Linked to Hypertriglyceridemia Among Home Dwelling Elderly Danes

“…Age is known as a dominant cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor in both older men and women, including other multiple disorders such as atherosclerosis [1], obesity [2], hypertension [3], dyslipidaemia [4], and hypertriglyceridemia [5]. Despite the close association with genetics and other health disorders, the interactions between nutrition and gut microbiome are increasingly recognised for their contribution to CVD development [6], [7], Gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis has previously been found to be associated with frailty in elderly people as well as being a risk factor for metabolic disorders [8]–[13] and other diseases like cancers [14], [15]. Thus, maintaining a diverse core gut microbiome has been proposed as a possible approach for embracing healthy ageing [16]–[18].…”

The relationship between hot flashes and fatty acid binding protein 2 in postmenopausal women

“…Hot flashes are the most common symptom of menopausal syndrome. Gut microbiota undeniably play a crucial role in maintaining intestinal physical barrier function and preventing disease progression [ 38 ]. The imbalance of the beneficial and detrimental microorganisms can cause dysbiosis.…”

Sodium butyrate in both prevention and supportive treatment of colorectal cancer

“…It should be emphasized that butyrate upregulates the expression of the MUC2 gene; thus, it promotes the synthesis of mucins, which protect the epithelial cells from lumen toxins ( Zhang et al., 2019 ). Bacteria such as Fusobacterium nucleatum , Bacteroides fragilis , and Escherichia coli are known colorectal cancer-associated pathogens, and they contribute to the dysfunction of intestinal barrier integrity ( Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka et al., 2020 ; Ahmad Kendong et al, 2021 ). Butyrate increases the expression of claudin-1 and Zonula Occludens-1; thus, it is important in the context of maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity ( Hajjar et al., 2021 ).…”