Gut microbial diversity in health and disease: experience of healthy Indian subjects, and colon carcinoma and inflammatory bowel disease patients

Abstract

Background: The intestinal microbiota, through complex interactions with the gut mucosa, play a key role in the pathogenesis of colon carcinoma and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The disease condition and dietary habits both influence gut microbial diversity. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the gut microbial profile of healthy subjects and patients with colon carcinoma and IBD. Healthy subjects included ‘Indian vegetarians/lactovegetarians’, who eat plant produce, milk and milk products, and ‘Indian non-vegetarians’, who eat plant produce, milk and milk products, certain meats and fish, and the eggs of certain birds and fish. ‘Indian vegetarians’ are different from ‘vegans’, who do not eat any foods derived wholly or partly from animals, including milk products. Design: Stool samples were collected from healthy Indian vegetarians/lactovegetarians and non-vegetarians, and colon cancer and IBD patients. Clonal libraries of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of bacteria were created from each sample. Clones were sequenced from one representative sample of each group. Approximately 500 white colonies were picked at random from each sample and 100 colonies were sequenced after amplified rDNA restriction analysis. Results: The dominant phylum from the healthy vegetarian was Firmicutes (34%), followed by Bacteroidetes (15%). The balance was reversed in the healthy non-vegetarian (Bacteroidetes 84%, Firmicutes 4%; ratio 21:1). The colon cancer and IBD patients had higher percentages of Bacteroidetes (55% in both) than Firmicutes (26% and 12%, respectively) but lower Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes ratios (3.8:1 and 2.4:1, respectively) than the healthy non-vegetarian. Bacterial phyla of Verrucomicrobiota and Actinobacteria were detected in 23% and 5% of IBD and colon patients, respectively. Conclusions: Ribosomal Database Project profiling of gut flora in this study population showed remarkable differences, with unique diversity attributed to different diets and disease conditions.

Gut Microbiota Alterations by Nutritional Supplement Imuregen

“…Similar conclusions has been reached also for obese people (44,45). Reduction in the proportion of Bacteroidetes with respect to Firmicutes was observed also in patients affected by inflammatory bowel disease in comparison to healthy controls (46)(47)(48). A more significant effect on the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio was demonstrated in patients with colon cancer, where the Firmicutes genera strongly dominated (47).…”

“…Reduction in the proportion of Bacteroidetes with respect to Firmicutes was observed also in patients affected by inflammatory bowel disease in comparison to healthy controls (46)(47)(48). A more significant effect on the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio was demonstrated in patients with colon cancer, where the Firmicutes genera strongly dominated (47). A similar shift in the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio has been demonstrated also for children suffering with autism spectrum disorder (49) and people under chronic stress (50).…”

Implication of the gut microbiome composition of type 2 diabetic patients from northern China

“…The width of the connecting lines is proportional to the absolute value of the correlation coefficient. (2020) 10:5450 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62224-3 www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ other diseases such as obesity and inflammatory bowel disease [24][25][26] . The decrease in the gut microbe diversity of T2D patients could induce a certain degree of gut bacterial dysbiosis and interfere with the interaction between gut microbiota and hosts.…”

Effects of the stems and leaves of Astragalus membranaceus on growth performance, immunological parameters, antioxidant status, and intestinal bacteria of quail

“…Lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium , are probiotics that colonize the intestine. A healthy intestinal floral composition is characterized by a larger number of probiotic bacteria and a lower number of coliforms (Bamola et al, ). Our study demonstrated that feeding quails with supplementary doses of AMSL could significantly improve the composition of the gut microbiota by reducing the quantity of coliforms and increasing lactic acid bacteria, especially with the addition of 3%–5% concentrations of AMSL.…”