Gut Microbial Flora, Prebiotics, and Probiotics in IBD: Their Current Usage and Utility

Scaldaferri, Franco; Gerardi, Viviana; Lopetuso, Loris Riccardo; Zompo, Fabio Del; Mangiola, Francesca; Boškoski, Ivo; Bruno, G; Petito, Valentina; Laterza, Lucrezia; Cammarota, Giovanni; Gaetani, Eleonora; Sgambato, Alessandro; Gasbarrini, Antonio

doi:10.1155/2013/435268

Cited by 167 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…and LGG performed better with medium supplemented with dextrose than with Crohn's disease patients, and alleviate acute diarrheal symptoms in children [30] [31] [32]. Another non-lactic probiotic, B. coagulans, was reported to have beneficial effects on reducing urinary tract infections [33], preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children [33], and relieving symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis [34].…”

Section: Bacterial Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of Lactulose and Fructooligosaccharide on Growth Kinetics, Fermentation, and Antioxidant Activity of Common Probiotics

Lu¹,

Yeung²,

Yeung³

2018

FNS

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Prebiotics are non-digestible oligosaccharides that selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the human gut. Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) is a common prebiotic found in food products and infant formula. Lactulose is primarily used as a pharmaceutical ingredient but also shows potential prebiotic activities. Our objectives were to determine and compare the effects of FOS and lactulose on: 1) growth kinetics of common probiotics in aerobic condition; 2) pH and titratable acidity after fermentation; and 3) antioxidant capacity of the probiotics. Ten probiotic and two non-probiotic strains, representing genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Bacillus, and Escherichia were assembled. Media used for prebiotics experiment were modified to contain 2% FOS or lactulose as the sole or main carbohydrate source. All experiments were done in triplicate. In aerobic condition, most strains cultured with FOS or lactulose did not grow optimally compared to dextrose (a non-prebiotic), while all four Bifidobacterium spp. showed little growth regardless of the carbohydrate source. In anaerobic condition, lactulose and FOS fermentation of Bifidobacterium spp. yielded similar pH (p = 0.2723), but percent lactic acid, as determined by titratable acidity, was higher after lactulose fermentation (p = 0.0004). The non-probiotic strains were able to utilize both FOS and lactulose, but displayed weaker acid production and higher pH (p < 0.0001) relative to the probiotic strains. Antioxidant activity of spent medium was measured with Trolox as the reference standard. Overall, the antioxidant activity of probiotics was strain-dependent. In conclusion, lactulose supported growth activities of probiotics to a similar extent as FOS. Lactulose also stimulated higher acid production for Bifidobacterium spp. than FOS in anaerobic condition, thus it might be considered for incorporation into functional food products containing bifidobacteria.

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Section: Bacterial Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of Lactulose and Fructooligosaccharide on Growth Kinetics, Fermentation, and Antioxidant Activity of Common Probiotics

Lu¹,

Yeung²,

Yeung³

2018

FNS

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“…43 Similarly, germinated barley foodstuffs, including Ispaghula husk, have been shown to have some effect on mild to moderate IBD, whereas inulin supplementation leads to increased butyrate and lower levels of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroidetes in the feces of patients with chronic pouchitis. 44 Moreover, studies in migrant populations suggest individuals who move from Southeast Asia to western countries have a higher risk of developing IBD; this effect is likely secondary to changes in dietary habits and resultant effects on gut microbiota in genetically susceptible individuals.…”

Section: Gut Microbiota In Inflammatory Bowel Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

A clinical primer of the role of gut microbiome in health and disease

Yang¹

2015

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“…The appendix is an important lymphoid organ along the gastrointestinal tract, which helps to maintain the healthy gut microbial flora by modulating the epithelial regeneration and protecting from pathogen microbes via the production of biofilms and compounds such as mucin and IgA [105]. It may also regulate the immune response to host microflora by acting as a reservoir of enteric bacteria [106].…”

Section: Appendectomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease: Similarities, Differences and a Lot of Things We Do Not Know Yet

Molnár¹

2014

J Clin Cell Immunol

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The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) is complex, and our knowledge on the topic is constantly growing. The two disorders are distinct, yet overlap in their clinical manifestations and underlying causes. This review aims to provide a broad overview of the numerous pathogenetic factors that can lead to the development of IBD, focusing on novel findings and on the differences between UC and CD. Recent advances in genetics have identified new components in the pathogenesis, as an example, the importance of Th17 lymphocytes and the IL-17/IL-23 pathway have been highlighted in both diseases, apart from the previously known Th1-Th2 driven processes. Genetic background of increased permeability has been explored in UC, and the role of defective autophagy was recently described in CD. Genetic alterations can lead to an exaggerated immune response to the resident microbial flora. This microflora is altered in IBD patients, probably due to their reduced ability to stabilize its bacterial components and due to different environmental factors. An exhaustive exploration of environmental factors is particularly important, as they can be influential in many cases. The impact of smoking is the most established environmental factor, having deleterious effects in CD and protective in UC. Recent opinions on other factors, such as early appendectomy, diet, reduced vitamin D levels, the use of specific medications, breastfeeding, personal hygiene and psychological factors are also discussed. Epigenetics, a new field of research, links environmental factors to genetics. Understanding these factors is of great significance as changing lifestyles and improving life circumstances have started to increase the prevalence of IBD also in developing countries.

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Gut Microbial Flora, Prebiotics, and Probiotics in IBD: Their Current Usage and Utility

Cited by 167 publications

References 89 publications

Comparative Analysis of Lactulose and Fructooligosaccharide on Growth Kinetics, Fermentation, and Antioxidant Activity of Common Probiotics

Comparative Analysis of Lactulose and Fructooligosaccharide on Growth Kinetics, Fermentation, and Antioxidant Activity of Common Probiotics

A clinical primer of the role of gut microbiome in health and disease

Pathogenesis of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease: Similarities, Differences and a Lot of Things We Do Not Know Yet

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