Gut microbiome and liver disease

Betrapally, Naga S.; Gillevet, Patrick M.; Bajaj, Jasmohan S.

doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2016.07.005

Cited by 87 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 132 publications

(143 reference statements)

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“…Cirrhotic patients have a decrease in the beneficial normal microbiota ( Lactobacillus , Bifidobacterium , and Bacteroides species), which can exacerbate liver disease . Additionally, there is an increase in Proteobacteria (particularly Enterobacteriaceae), Fusobacterium spp., Veillonellaceae, and Streptococcaceae, which are potentially pathogenic agents, responsible for most cases of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut microbiota in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol‐related liver disease: Current concepts and perspectives

Arab

Arrese

Shah

2020

Hepatology Research

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The term, gut-liver axis, is used to highlight the close anatomical and functional relationship between the intestine and the liver. It has been increasingly recognized that the gut-liver axis plays an essential role in the development and progression of liver disease. In particular, in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol-related liver disease, the two most common causes of chronic liver disease, a dysbiotic gut microbiota can influence intestinal permeability, allowing some pathogens or bacteriaderived factors from the gut reaching the liver through the enterohepatic circulation contributing to liver injury, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis progression. Pathways involved are multiple, including changes in bile acid metabolism, intestinal ethanol production, generation of short-chain fatty acids, and other by-products. Bile acids act through dedicated bile acid receptors, farnesoid X receptor and TGR5, in both the ileum and the liver, influencing lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. Currently, both non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol-related liver disease lack effective therapies, and therapeutic targeting of gut microbiota and bile acids enterohepatic circulation holds promise. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol-related liver disease, as well as the relevance of microbiota or bile acid-based approaches in the management of those liver diseases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut microbiota in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol‐related liver disease: Current concepts and perspectives

Arab

Arrese

Shah

2020

Hepatology Research

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“…These lead to further cell injury culminating in further inflammation, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and fibrotic remodelling via collagen deposition from activated stellate cells . Alterations in gut microbiota may also lead to bacterial (product) translocation, especially the highly immune‐reactive gram negative cell wall component called lipopolysaccharide (LPS), into the systemic circulation, further worsening the inflammatory process by activating macrophages and Kuppfer cells . (see Figure ).…”

Section: Pathophysiological Rationale For Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapies in non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

Oseini

Sanyal

2017

Liver International

214

187

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The hallmark of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is excessive fatty accumulation in the hepatocytes, which may be an isolated event (non-alcoholic fatty liver, NAFL) or accompanied by evidence of inflammation and cell injury with or without fibrosis (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH). NASH, the more aggressive form of NAFLD, may progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Because it has been estimated that NASH will overtake hepatitis C virus infection as the leading cause of liver transplantation in the US in the coming decade, and there are no current FDA-approved therapies for this disease, the need to find appropriate therapeutic targets is now more urgent than ever before. Diet and other life-style modifications have always been difficult to maintain and this approach alone has not slowed the rising tide of the disease. While the results of traditional therapies such as vitamin E and pioglitazone have been significant for steatosis and inflammation, they have had no effect on fibrosis, which is the strongest indicator of mortality in this condition. However, the understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of NASH has evolved and several promising novel therapies to target and possibly reverse fibrosis are being evaluated, making the future outlook of NASH therapy more optimistic.

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“…These factors include alcohol consumption, aetiology and severity of liver disease, diet composition and medication. 5,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Drug intake has emerged as one of the most important drivers of dysbiosis. It has recently been shown in vitro that, apart from classic antimicrobials, many other drugs have an extensive impact on human gut bacteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disease severity and proton pump inhibitor use impact strongest on faecal microbiome composition in liver cirrhosis

Stadlbauer

Komarova

Klymiuk

et al. 2020

Liver International

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Background & Aims Compositional changes of the faecal microbiome in cirrhosis are well described and have been associated with complications and prognosis. However, it is less well known, which disease or treatment‐related factors affect microbiome composition most distinctively. Methods 16S rDNA sequencing data of 88 cirrhotic outpatients were investigated. Factors influencing microbiome composition were analysed by univariate and multivariate redundancy analysis. The association of the identified factors with changes in diversity and taxonomic composition was studied in depth using analysis of composition of microbiome, LDA‐effect size and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regularized regression. Results Disease severity and aetiology, proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use, nutritional status, age and C‐reactive protein are significant explanatory variables for faecal microbiome composition in liver cirrhosis. Despite some taxonomic overlaps especially between disease severity and PPI use, we could show that the effects of disease severity, aetiology, PPI use and age are independent factors influencing microbiome composition also in subgroup analyses. Conclusion Our cross sectional system biology study identifies disease severity, aetiology, PPI use and age as independent factors that influence microbiome composition in liver cirrhosis. In chronic diseases with high morbidity, such as liver cirrhosis, precise patient metadata documentation is of utmost importance in microbiome analysis. Further studies with a higher sample size are necessary to validate this finding. Trial Registration Number: NCT01607528

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Gut microbiome and liver disease

Cited by 87 publications

References 132 publications

Gut microbiota in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol‐related liver disease: Current concepts and perspectives

Gut microbiota in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol‐related liver disease: Current concepts and perspectives

Therapies in non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

Disease severity and proton pump inhibitor use impact strongest on faecal microbiome composition in liver cirrhosis

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