Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease: opportunities and challenges

Abstract

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common health problem worldwide and remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Over the past decade, it has become clear that the inhabitants of our gut, the gut microbiota, play a vital role in human metabolism, immunity, and reactions to diseases, including CAD. Although correlations have been shown between CAD and the gut microbiota, demonstration of potential causal relationships is much more complex and challenging. In this review, we will discuss the potential direct and indirect causal roots between gut microbiota and CAD development via microbial metabolites and interaction with the immune system. Uncovering the causal relationship of gut microbiota and CAD development can lead to novel microbiome-based preventative and therapeutic interventions. However, an interdisciplinary approach is required to shed light on gut bacterial-mediated mechanisms (e.g., using advanced nanomedicine technologies and incorporation of demographic factors such as age, sex, and ethnicity) to enable efficacious and high-precision preventative and therapeutic strategies for CAD. Key points The causal relationship between gut microbiota and CAD development has yet to be confirmed. It is imperative to understand the potential direct and indirect causal roots between gut microbiota and CAD development via microbial metabolites and interaction with the immune system. Dynamic elements including our diet and demographic factors such as age, sex, and ethnicity can also affect our gut microbiota and CAD development and complicate this matter. Interdisciplinary approaches are required to shed light on the factors involved in the modulation of gut microbiota and its association with CAD development. Elucidating the system-level multifaceted web of factors involved in microbiome-mediated mechanisms and human health and disease can guide novel preventative and therapeutic interventions for CAD.

Identification and characteristics of postnatal development-related long non-coding RNAs under microbiota dependent condition

“…Accumulating evidence reported that gut microbiota were associated with multiple kinds of diseases including colon cancer [32], gestational diabetes [33], type 1 diabetes [34], cardiovascular disease [35] and so on. In addition, biological processes containing diet, weight [36], bone homeostasis [37] and postnatal development were also in uenced by gut microbiota.…”

The First Case of Invasive Bacteroides Dorei Infection Detected in a Mycotic Aortic Aneurysm Patient-Raising A Rebellion of Major Indigenous Bacteria in Humans: A Case Report and Review

“…It is seemingly innocuous in healthy individuals, as Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes constitute over 90% of healthy gut microbial assemblage [16]. However, it has been demonstrated that the B. dorei proportion in the gut microbiota is responsible for a variety of diseases, including autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus [9,[17][18][19][20][21][22], colorectal diseases [23][24][25][26], atherosclerotic diseases [27][28][29][30], and even Parkinson's disease [31]. On the other hand, there is almost no report regarding B. dorei as a cause of infectious diseases or even a part of its contagious process, which consists of tissue invasion, multiplication and colonisation and in iction of host tissue damage by cytotoxic materials or direct interactions.…”

“…The association of dysbacteriosis or alteration of the B. dorei proportion in the gut microbiota with these diseases might be a target for preventative or therapeutic interventions. Some researchers have proposed using some indigenous bacteria as pre-/probiotics for modulating gut bacterial composition, including B. dorei itself [10,29,30,[32][33][34][35]. However, as microbiome composition is in uenced by daily meals, eating habits and geography and temporally varies even in individuals, the e cacy of probiotic usage may be de nite in a speci c condition.…”

A Novel Insight at Atherogenesis: The Role of Microbiome

“…The relationship of the gut microbiome is shown with autoimmune, inflammatory (Belkaid and Hand, 2014;Opazo et al, 2018), neurodegenerative (Endres and Schäfer, 2018), infectious diseases (Lazar et al, 2018), and cancer (Villéger et al, 2019). Studies of microbiome to understand its relationship with cardiovascular diseases, in particular, mechanisms of atherogenesis has great potential (Kazemian et al, 2020).…”