Gut Microbiota Approach—A New Strategy to Treat Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuronal loss and dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons located in the substantia nigra, which contain a variety of misfolded a-synuclein (a-syn). Medications that increase or substitute for dopamine can be used for the treatment of PD. Recently, numerous studies have shown gut microbiota plays a crucial role in regulating and maintaining multiple aspects of host physiology including host metabolism and neurodevelopment. In this review article, the role of gut microbiota in the etiological mechanism of PD will be reviewed. Furthermore, we discussed current pharmaceutical medicine-based methods to prevent and treat PD, followed by describing specific strains that affect the host brain function through the gut-brain axis. We explained in detail how gut microbiota directly produces neurotransmitters or regulate the host biosynthesis of neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters secreted by the intestinal lumen bacteria may induce epithelial cells to release molecules that, in turn, can regulate neural signaling in the enteric nervous system and subsequently control brain function and behavior through the brain-gut axis. Finally, we proved that the microbial regulation of the host neuronal system. Endogenous a-syn can be transmitted long distance and bidirectional between ENS and brain through the circulatory system which gives us a new option that the possibility of altering the community of gut microbiota in completely new medication option for treating PD.

Impact of diet on human gut microbiome and disease risk

“…Other studies have shown that certain bacteria belonging to Bacteroidetes ( Porphyromonas gingivalis ) was detected in brain and may be involved in neurodegenerative disease, particularly for Alzheimer disease [ 54 , 61 ]. However, for Parkinson disease, metabolites of the imbalanced gut microbiome, in particular Gram-negative pathogens, are the trigger for the loss of dopaminergic neurons and mitochondria dysfunction [ 62 , 63 ].…”

Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Induced by Intracerebral Hemorrhage Aggravates Neuroinflammation in Mice

“…Patients with Parkinson’s disease have obvious gut microbiota dysbiosis, which leads to an increase in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a decrease in anti-inflammatory bacteria. Thus, gut microbiota dysbiosis is potentially related to Parkinson’s disease state and progression ( Liu et al, 2020 ). Alzheimer’s disease causes gut microbiota imbalance, facilitating the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the brain parenchyma and enhanced microglial activation, contributing to cognitive decline and amyloid-β burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease ( Kim et al, 2020 ).…”

Association of Parkinson’s Disease With Microbes and Microbiological Therapy

“…It has been used in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections or other diseases, and has been approved by the World Health Organization and the USA Federal Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical treatment ( Carlucci et al., 2016 ). FMT includes screening, homogenization, filtration, and reuse of fecal samples for specific microbiota, followed by colon administration or oral administration in the form of oral tube or capsule containing lyophilized substances ( Liu et al., 2020 ). Currently, it is believed that direct administration of FMT by colonoscopy is the most effective approach, but attention should be paid to the risk of bleeding.…”