Gut microbiota‐dependent CCR9⁺CD4⁺ T cells are reduced and altered to an inflammatory phenotype in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis

Abstract

The risk factors and peripheral immunological changes associated with multiple sclerosis progression to the secondary progressive phase are largely unknown. The present article shows that CCR9+CD4+ T cells, of which frequencies are altered by the gut microbiota and aging, are reduced and their immune regulatory function is altered in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.