Gut Microbiota from Lower Groups of Animals: An Upcoming Source for Cellulolytic Enzymes with Industrial Potentials

Abstract

Cellulosic plant materials are a reliable source of renewable energy. Cellulose-based plant materials are now being used for bioenergy production as alternatives to fossil fuels. The traditional way of converting lignocellulosic materials to ethanol and other bioenergy is an expensive and environmentally unsafe process. Several research works have been conducted to find outsource of low-cost cellulolytic enzymes. Initially, fungal species were considered as sources of cellulolytic enzymes. Later on, several studies showed that bacterial species are a more potent source of cellulose-degrading enzymes. Phytophagous lower invertebrates are a good source of cellulolytic gut bacteria. They utilize a wide variety of plant materials as their food source. In this review, thorough literature studies have been made to explore the invertebrate groups that are novel sources of cellulolytic gut bacteria with high efficacy for enzyme production. This study also encompasses a brief description of cellulose, the activity, and cellulase enzyme application in industrial aspects.

Biodegradation of Paper Wastes by Freshwater Snails: Implications for Management

“…Waste degradation using earthworm Eisenia foetida through vermicomposting process is another potential way of waste management. , Another study depicted that the degradation of paper cup waste was accelerated through vermicomposting process with bacteria and earthworm Eudrillus eugeinea. , In recent years, the use of the cellulase enzyme obtained from the terrestrial snail C. aspersum ,, in degradation of varied types of paper wastes indicates the significance of the snails in the bioremediation program of recovery and reuse of paper waste at a larger scale. In parity with the propositions of the use of the snails in the bioremediation of the paper waste, the present study is a pioneer effort to establish the potential of the freshwater snails in the recovery and the reuse of the cellulose present in the paper wastes, which otherwise would have added to the total pollution as a solid waste load.…”

CAZyme from gut microbiome for efficient lignocellulose degradation and biofuel production

“…The complex structural heterogeneity and chemical diversity of hemicellulose require the synergistic activity of a wide range of enzymes for its effective hydrolysis. The cellulase enzyme system includes three soluble extracellular enzymes: 1, 4-βendoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.4), 1, 4-β-exoglucanase (cellobiohydrolase) (EC 3.2.1.91), and β-glucosidase (β-Dglucoside glucohydrolase or cellobiase) (EC 3.2.1.21) (Nandy et al, 2021). Absolute hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose is only possible through the synergy of the three enzymes mentioned above or thorough mineralization to H 2 O and CO 2 (Popovic et al, 2019).…”