Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease

Sekirov, Inna; Russell, Sarah; Antunes, L. Caetano M.; Finlay, B. Brett

doi:10.1152/physrev.00045.2009

Cited by 3,528 publications

(2,829 citation statements)

References 344 publications

(453 reference statements)

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“…Impairment of the intestinal barrier (''leaky gut'') is now increasingly recognized as a pathogenic mechanism in a number of chronic non-infectious diseases including heart failure, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes mellitus, and fibromyalgia [1][2][3]. Almost 30 years ago, Vaziri et al [4] showed the presence of inflammation throughout the gastrointestinal tract (including gastritis, enteritis, and colitis) in a postmortem analysis of 78 hemodialysis patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Nrf2 Dysfunction in Uremia-Associated Intestinal Inflammation and Epithelial Barrier Disruption

et al. 2014

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Background Gut inflammation is prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and likely contributes to systemic inflammation via disruption of the epithelial tight junction with subsequent endotoxin and bacterial translocation. Aims To study the expression profile of inflammatory and tight junction proteins in the colon from CKD rats compared to healthy controls, and demonstrate the role of Nrf2 (transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) using a potent Nrf2 activator. Methods CKD was induced via 5/6 nephrectomy in Sprague-Dawley rats, and dh404 (2 mg/kg/day) was used to study the effects of systemic Nrf2 activation. The experimental groups included sham, CKD and CKD? dh404 rats. Blood and colon tissues were analyzed after a 10-week study period. Results Colon from CKD rats showed histological evidence of colitis, depletion of epithelial tight junction proteins, significant reduction of Nrf2 and its measured target gene products (NQO1, catalase, and CuZn SOD), activation of NFkB, and upregulation of pro-inflammatory molecules (COX-2, MCP-1, iNOS, and gp91 phox ). Treatment with dh404 attenuated colonic inflammation, restored Nrf2 activity and levels of NQO1, catalase and CuZn SOD, decreased NFkB and lowered expression of COX-2, MCP-1, iNOS, and gp91 phox . This was associated with restoration of colonic epithelial tight junction proteins (occludin and claudin-1). Conclusions CKD rats exhibited colitis, disruption of colonic epithelial tight junction, activation of inflammatory mediators, and impairment of Nrf2 pathway. Treatment with an Nrf2 activator restored Nrf2 activity, attenuated colonic inflammation, and restored epithelial tight junction proteins.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Nrf2 Dysfunction in Uremia-Associated Intestinal Inflammation and Epithelial Barrier Disruption

et al. 2014

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“…Many studies have shown the relationship between microbiome dysbiosis and disease, such as infections, inflammation, allergy, asthma, obesity, cancer and even neurological disorders (Sekirov et al ., 2010; Carding et al ., 2015; Li et al ., 2016; Foo et al ., 2017). Therefore, it is reasonable to think that interventions on the microbiome with specific microorganisms will allow the development of therapies for such diseases (Lemon et al ., 2012).…”

Section: Engineering Bacteria and The Microbiomementioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable therapies by engineered bacteria

Álvarez

Fernández

2017

Microbial Biotechnology

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SummaryThe controlled in situ delivery of biologics (e.g. enzymes, cytokines, antibodies) by engineered bacteria of our microbiome will allow the sustainable production of these complex and expensive drugs locally in the human body, overcoming many of the technical and economical barriers currently associated with the global use of these potent medicines. We provide examples showing how engineered bacteria can be effective treatments against multiple pathologies, including autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, diabetes, obesity, infectious diseases and cancer, hence contributing to achieve the Global Sustainable Goal 3: ensure healthy lives and promote well‐being for all at all ages.

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“…It has been well known that different microbes are enriched at the different sites of the GI tract ( Simren et al, 2012). This result suggests that a different microbial composition at a specifi c location in the GI tract affect differently the phenotypes of host, because each locus of the GI tract not only functions differently but also uptake a different kind of nutrients (Sekirov et al, 2010). It would be diffi cult to answer whether the site-specifi c gut microbiota play a determinant role in the gut-brain axis.…”

Section: Conclusion and Prospectmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis: current challenges and perspectives

2013

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Brain and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are intimately connected to form a bidirectional neurohumoral communication system. The communication between gut and brain, knows as the gut-brain axis, is so well established that the functional status of gut is always related to the condition of brain. The researches on the gut-brain axis were traditionally focused on the psychological status affecting the function of the GI tract. However, recent evidences showed that gut microbiota communicates with the brain via the gut-brain axis to modulate brain development and behavioral phenotypes. These recent fi ndings on the new role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis implicate that gut microbiota could associate with brain functions as well as neurological diseases via the gut-brain axis. To elucidate the role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis, precise identification of the composition of microbes constituting gut microbiota is an essential step. However, identifi cation of microbes constituting gut microbiota has been the main technological challenge currently due to massive amount of intestinal microbes and the diffi culties in culture of gut microbes. Current methods for identifi cation of microbes constituting gut microbiota are dependent on omics analysis methods by using advanced high tech equipment. Here, we review the association of gut microbiota with the gut-brain axis, including the pros and cons of the current high throughput methods for identifi cation of microbes constituting gut microbiota to elucidate the role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis.

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Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease

Cited by 3,528 publications

References 344 publications

Role of Nrf2 Dysfunction in Uremia-Associated Intestinal Inflammation and Epithelial Barrier Disruption

Role of Nrf2 Dysfunction in Uremia-Associated Intestinal Inflammation and Epithelial Barrier Disruption

Sustainable therapies by engineered bacteria

The role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis: current challenges and perspectives

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