Gut microbiota in hospitalized children with acute infective gastroenteritis caused by virus or bacteria in a regional Peruvian hospital

Abstract

Background Acute infective gastroenteritis (AIG) is a leading cause of mortality in children worldwide. In Peru, more than 40% of cases of AIG occurring in children under 5 years old. The disruption of the gut microbiota can increase risk for several health complications especially in patients with gastric infections caused by viruses or bacteria. Objective The main objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of 13 representative bacteria from the gut microbiota (GM) in stools samples from children under 5 years of age with acute infective gastroenteritis. Results The most commonly isolated bacteria from the GM were Firmicutes (63.2% 74/117) Bacteriodetes (62.4%; 73/117), Lactobacillus (59.8%; 70/117), Prevotella (57.2%; 67/117), Proteobacterium (53.8%; 63/117), regardless of the etiological agent responsible for the AIG. Interestingly, despite the high prevalence of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus and Prevotella across all samples, a visible reduction of these agents was observed especially among patients with a single bacterial infection or even bacteria–bacteria coinfections when compared to viral etiologies. Patients with exclusive or mixed breastfeeding registered the highest amount of gut microbiota bacteria, in contrast to infants who received formula or were not breastfed.

Postinfective bowel dysfunction followingCampylobacter enteritisis characterised by reduced microbiota diversity and impaired microbiota recovery

“…Both fast transit and mucosal inflammation disturb the anaerobicity of the colonic environment, which depletes the strict anaerobes and allows facultative anaerobes and those with rapid replication such as Gammaproteobacteria and Fusobacteria, to proliferate and occupy the vacant ecological niche. Similar reductions in Firmicutes have been recently reported in children from Peru who were hospitalised with gastroenteritis, particularly those with bacterial infections like Campylobacter, Shigella and Salmonella 34. Similarly, the persistent reduction of Firmicutes and increased Proteobacteria seen in IBD is thought to represent increased availability of small molecules created by the inflammatory process such as nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species that can act as electron acceptors for facultative anaerobes like Proteobaceria 35…”

“…Similar reductions in Firmicutes have been recently reported in children from Peru who were hospitalised with gastroenteritis, particularly those with bacterial infections like Campylobacter, Shigella and Salmonella. 34 Similarly, the persistent reduction of Firmicutes and increased Proteobacteria seen in IBD is thought to represent increased availability of small molecules created by the inflammatory process such as nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species that can act as electron acceptors for facultative anaerobes like Proteobaceria. 35 Several members of the Coriobacteriea family were increased in our PI-BD cases very early after the infection and this increased abundance persisted throughout the study.…”

Dynamic of the human gut microbiome under infectious diarrhea

“…Bacteria-induced diarrhea was associated with an elevation of Escherichia [ 34 ], Streptococcus and oral bacteria [ 15 • ], while viral infections retained a higher abundance in Bifidobacterium [ 15 • , 26 ]. This may suggest that viral infections lead to a less severe reductions in anaerobic gut commensals [ 35 , 36 ], possibly because most viruses (rotavirus, norovirus) infect cells lining the small intestine, instead of the colon [ 37 • , 38 ]. In mouse model, rotavirus infection resulted in increased Bacteroides and Akkermansia populations (both with mucin-degrading capability) only in the ileal microbiome [ 37 • ], but evidence for the overgrowth of these two taxa in human rotavirus infections has been inconclusive [ 21 , 26 , 34 , 39 ].…”

Detection and characterization of human astrovirus and sapovirus in outpatients with acute gastroenteritis in Guangzhou, China

“…Human AGE is caused by a spectrum of viruses and bacteria. Viruses, including norovirus, rotavirus, enteric adenovirus, astrovirus (HAstV), and sapovirus (SaV), are the major causative agents for AGE [ 4 , 5 ]. Although detailed epidemiological data for both domestic and overseas infectious gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus, norovirus, and enteric adenovirus is available [ 6 , 7 ], little is known about the clinical symptoms, characteristics, and coinfection of HAstV- and SaV-related AGE because of the various limitations of the detection methods and low detection rates.…”