Gut Microbiota Influences the Photoperiod Effects on Proanthocyanidins Bioavailability in Diet‐Induced Obese Rats

Abstract

Scope: Polyphenols health effects on obesity are mainly attributed to their metabolites generated after their gastrointestinal digestion, in which gut microbiota plays an important role. Moreover, gut microbiota composition and polyphenols bioavailability are influenced by differences in day light length (photoperiod). Thus, this study evaluates if a grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPEs) extract bioavailability is influenced by different photoperiod exposure via gut microbiota modulation in an obesogenic context. Methods and results: Cafeteria diet-induced obese Fischer 344 rats are housed under different photoperiod conditions (6, 12, or 18 h of light per day) during 9 weeks and administered with GSPE (25 mg kg −1 ) or GSPE and an antibiotic cocktail (ABX) for the last 4 weeks. Serum GSPE-derived metabolites are quantified by HPLC-MS/MS. Conclusion: A higher bioavailability is observed under 6 h light/18 h darkness (L6) compared to 18 h light/6 h darkness (L18). Individual metabolites, especially those from the gut microbiota, are affected by photoperiods. ABX treatment alters these photoperiod-mediated changes. Therefore, these results suggest that gut microbiota plays a key role in the photoperiod effects on GSPE bioavailability in obese rats.

Photoperiod-Dependent Effects on Blood Biochemical Markers of Phenolic-Enriched Fruit Extracts

“…72 This result was in agreement with those reported in other research, in this case targeting GSPE, and additionally demonstrating the crucial role of gut microbiota in phenolic compound bioavailability. 73 Other fruits, such as tomatoes, also exhibited differential bioavailability of specific (poly)phenols due to the photoperiod of consumption. 74 In conclusion, several fruit extracts modulated fasting blood lipid, glucose, and insulin levels in a photoperiod-dependent manner, mainly being effective when consumed under a short photoperiod (winter-like).…”

Rhythm and ROS: Hepatic Chronotherapeutic Features of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Treatment in Cafeteria Diet-Fed Rats

“…GSPE was provided by Les Dérives Résiniques et Terpéniques (Dax, France) and was obtained from white grape seeds and skins. Our group has previously described the phenolic composition of the extract used for this study [ 33 ], which was mainly composed of catechin, epicatechin, dimers, trimers, and tetramers of procyanidins or epicatechin gallate, among others.…”

The Research Progress on the Interaction between Mammalian Gut Microbiota and the Host’s Metabolism Homeostasis during Hibernation

“…Furthermore, the light–dark cycle can also trigger hibernation by influencing the secretion of melatonin [ 76 ]. Recent research has proposed that there may be interactions between the photoperiod and the gut microbiota in animals [ 77 , 78 , 79 ], which may be linked to hibernation. Through altering photoperiod and performing fecal transplant experiments, notable variations in the gut microbiota of male Brandt’s voles have been identified under different light–dark cycles.…”

“…During this period, when these rats were fed with grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPEs) alone or a combination of GSPEs and antibiotics, those under a 6 h light cycle demonstrated the increased bioavailability of GSPE in comparison to that of the 18 h light cycle group. However, rats treated with antibiotics nullified these photoperiod-mediated changes [ 77 ].…”