Gut Microbiota Mediates Skin Ulceration Syndrome Outbreak by Readjusting Lipid Metabolism in Apostichopus japonicus

Abstract

The intestinal tract is the most important location for symbiotes and pathogens, and the microbiota plays a crucial role in affecting the health of the gut and other host organs. Dysbacteriosis in the intestinal system has been proven to be significant in skin ulceration syndrome (SUS) in sea cucumbers. This study investigates whether the gut microbiota and lipid metabolites are relevant to the initiation and progression of SUS in a Vibrio-splendidus-infected sea cucumber model. The tight junction genes were downregulated and the inflammatory factor gene transcriptions were upregulated after V. splendidus infection in the intestinal tissue of the sea cucumber. V. splendidus infection modulated the gut microbiota by interacting with Psychromonas macrocephali, Propionigenium maris, Bacillus cereus, Lutibacter flavus, and Hoeflea halophila. Meanwhile, the metabolites of the long-chain fatty acids in the intestinal tissue, including triglycerides (TG), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), and phosphatidylglycerols (PG), were altered after V. splendidus infection. V. splendidus engaged in positive interactions with PG and PE and negative interactions with specific TG. These results related to gut microbiota and metabolites can offer practical assistance in the identification of the inflammatory mechanisms related to SUS, and this study may serve as a reference for predicting the disease.

Effect of probiotic feed supplementation on skin ulceration syndrome in Apostichopus japonicus

“…This should also include ensuring the freshness and cleanliness of feeds while increasing the feeding rate of sea cucumbers to improve the benefits of cultivation. 10 Additionally, it is crucial to enhance farming models by implementing specific measures. This involves carefully designing culture ponds and considering the appropriate stocking densities for seedlings.…”

Effects of gut bacterial community on differential growth of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus): Molecular mechanisms based on host-gut microbiome co-metabolism

“…The coe cient of variation of body weight during the growth of A. japonicus exceeded 70%, which seriously affected the culture yield and industrial e ciency [4]. The growth performance of A. japonicus is in uenced by multiple factors such as genetics, diet, environment and microorganisms [5][6][7][8].…”

“…Li et al [17] showed that the addition of Rhamnodon lactobacillus M2-4 to the feed signi cantly altered the gut metabolism of A. japonicus, with an increase in differential lipid metabolites and lipid metabolic pathways. Zhang et al [7] found that the abundance of Psychromonas macrocephali, Propionigenium maris, and Bacillus cereus in the gut bacterial community of A. japonicus infected with skin ulcer syndrome (SUS) increased signi cantly in the host. The longchain fatty acid me tabolites triglyceride, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol interacted with each other in response to SUS.…”

Characterization of microbiota and histology of cultured sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus juveniles during an outbreak of skin ulceration syndrome

“…It is known that environmental stressors generate disorders in the symbiotic microbial community, causing diseases in holothuroids such as Apostichopus japonicus [17,18]. In recent years, there have been reports of a link between variations in the intestinal microbiota and the development of SUS in sea cucumbers [19][20][21]. However, few studies have used histology to describe tissue damage caused by the disease [13,21].…”

“…In recent years, there have been reports of a link between variations in the intestinal microbiota and the development of SUS in sea cucumbers [19][20][21]. However, few studies have used histology to describe tissue damage caused by the disease [13,21].…”