Gut Mycobiome in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Was Altered and Associated With Immunological Profiles

Abstract

ObjectivesMounting evidence suggests that bacterial dysbiosis and immunity disorder are associated with patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the mycobiome is beginning to gain recognition as a fundamental part of our microbiome. We aim to characterize the profile of the mycobiome in the gut of CKD patients and its correlation to serum immunological profiles.Methods and materialsNinety-two CKD patients and sex–age–body mass index (BMI)–matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Fresh samples were collected using sterile containers. ITS transcribed spacer ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was performed on the samples. An immunoturbidimetric test was used to assess the serum levels of immunological features.ResultsThe CKD cohort displayed a different microbial community from that in the HC cohort according to principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). (P=0.001). The comparison of the two cohorts showed that the CKD cohort had significantly higher gut microbial richness and diversity (P<0.05). The CKD cohort had lower abundances of Candida, Bjerkandera, Rhodotorula, and Ganoderma compared to the HC cohort, while it had higher Saccharomyces (P<0.05). However, the microbial community alteration was inconsistent with the severity of kidney damage in patients, as only patients in CKD stage 1~3 had differed microbial community concerning for HCs based on PCoA (P<0.05). The serum concentration of the kappa light chain in CKD patients was positively associated with Saccharomyces, whereas the it was negatively associated with Ganoderma (P<0.05).ConclusionsNot only was gut mycobiome dysbiosis observed in CKD patients, but the dysbiosis was also associated with the immunological disorder. These findings suggest that therapeutic strategies targeting gut mycobiome might be effective.

Gut mycobiome dysbiosis contributes to the development of hypertension and its response to immunoglobulin light chains

“…Loss of gut bacterial diversity is associated with unhealthy states ( 29 ), including individuals with hypertension ( 6 , 30 ). Inconsistent with the bacterial diversity in the gut in hypertension ( 6 , 30 ), our present study demonstrated that the fungal richness and diversity tended to increase in patients with pre-HTN or HTN compared to controls, which has been evidenced by a recent study on patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) ( 31 ). In another study, Liguori G et al.…”

“…As both of studies of Liguori G and ours were with small sample size, which might reduce the power of the studies and render the study meaningless, the inconsistent alterations of fungal diversity and bacterial diversity should be re-confirmed using studies with large sample size population from multiple locations. Recently, Hu et al reported that the dysbiosis of gut mycobiome accompanying by an increased bacterial diversity in patients with CKD (31). In their study, 65.22% CKD patients were diagnosed with hypertension (31).…”

“…Recently, Hu et al. reported that the dysbiosis of gut mycobiome accompanying by an increased bacterial diversity in patients with CKD ( 31 ). In their study, 65.22% CKD patients were diagnosed with hypertension ( 31 ).…”

“…reported that the dysbiosis of gut mycobiome accompanying by an increased bacterial diversity in patients with CKD ( 31 ). In their study, 65.22% CKD patients were diagnosed with hypertension ( 31 ). However, although the participants in the groups of pre-HTN and HTN in our present study with normal kidney function, the gut dysbiosis of mycobiome occurred in the states of pre-HTN and HTN.…”

The Human Mycobiome: Colonization, Composition and the Role in Health and Disease

“…A modified gut mycobiome composition was shown in numerous conditions: inflammatory bowel disease [ 81 ], irritable bowel syndrome [ 82 ], colorectal cancer [ 57 ], obesity [ 31 , 33 ], alcoholic liver disease [ 83 ], diabetes type I and II [ 79 , 84 , 85 , 86 ], multiple sclerosis [ 78 , 87 ], chronic kidney disease [ 88 ], atopic dermatitis [ 89 ], Parkinson’s disease [ 90 ], schizophrenia [ 91 ], etc. Moreover, correlations of fungal taxa with innate and adaptive immunity, e.g., effector CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, memory CD4+ T cells, NK cells, regulatory B cells and other proinflammatory cytokines, were observed [ 78 , 92 ].…”