Gut Permeability Measured by Polyethylene Glycol Absorption in Abnormal Gut Fermentation as Compared with Food Intolerance

Eaton, K. K.; Howard, Matthew A.; Howard, John M.

doi:10.1080/13590840410001734983

Cited by 5 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…One hour later, blood was drawn and the following fermentation products were measured: ethanol, methanol, 2-propanol, 1-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-butanol, 1-butanol, 2-methyl-2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-ethyl-1-butanol, 2,3-butylene glycol and the short-chain fatty acids acetate, proprionate, butyrate, succinate and valerate. As the detailed methodology has been extensively reviewed elsewhere [4,6,8], it is not reproduced here.…”

Section: Laboratory Test Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of such patients have an excess of urinary b -alanine excretion [5], which again is not present in patients with food intolerance. Other studies have shown that patients with FTD show reduced levels of B vitamins, zinc and magnesium [6], increased gut permeability [4], lowered urinary histidine excretion [7] and a high incidence of elevated breath hydrogen levels [8]. In these studies, there are no signi cant differences between an FTD group and one with food intolerance, although both have a high incidence of abnormality as compared with healthy controls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The most important are those which demonstrate increased blood ethanol levels after fasting glucose capsule challenge in untreated patients [3]. Patients who have improved after treatment no longer show ethanol increases [1] and ethanol levels are not increased in patients who only have food intolerance [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gastric Acid Production, Pancreatic Secretions and Blood Levels of Higher Alcohols in Patients with Fungal-type Dysbiosis of the Gut

Eaton¹,

Gaier

Howard³

et al. 2002

Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine

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Purpose: Patients with gut dysbioses are clinically dif cult to distinguish from those with food intolerance. The variety known as fungal-type is associated with the generation of small amounts of ethanol in the blood. A recent study has shown abnormalities of histidine metabolism. In view of this, gastric function was studied. This also provided data on pancreatic function. Design: Two groups of newly referred patients, with similar symptom pro les, attending two clinicians were studied. Group A (42 patients) had positive ethanol fermentation tests: group B (37 patients) did not. There were 20 healthy control subjects. Levels of higher alcohols, short-chain fatty acids, gastric acid production and pancreatic exocrine secretions were measured and compared statistically. Materials and Methods: Ethanol, higher alcohols and short-chain fatty acids were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. Gastric acid production, emptying time and pancreatic function were measured using a swallowed transducer. Results: A signi cant number of group A patients had elevated levels of higher alcohols;all of these also showed excess short-chain fatty acids. Group B patients showed similar ndings for both; these gures were not statistically signi cant. However, as compared with group B, group A patients were less likely to show lower levels of gastric acid and/or pancreatic enzyme production and these results were statistically highly signi cant. Conclusions: As these ndings show minimal effects on stomach and duodenum, it is suggested that fungal-type dysbiosis is largely an ileal condition. For these patients, the presence of elevated levels of higher alcohols with a positive ethanol test is a better indicator of disease severity.

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Section: Laboratory Test Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Gastric Acid Production, Pancreatic Secretions and Blood Levels of Higher Alcohols in Patients with Fungal-type Dysbiosis of the Gut

Eaton¹,

Gaier

Howard³

et al. 2002

Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine

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“…This is also regulated by local immune activity through secretory IgA. In FTD it has been shown that gut permeability is increased [4]. Thus oversize particles will pass the gut barrier.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

A Comparison of Lactulose Breath Hydrogen Measurements with Gut Fermentation Profiles in Patients with Fungal‐type Dysbiosis

Eaton

Chan²,

Howard

et al. 2004

Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine

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Purpose: Fungal-type dysbiosis (FTD) is still an unproven diagnosis. Patients are polysymptomatic, but most have symptoms of irritable bowel. Treatment, using a diet low in fermentable, yeasty and mould-containing foods with or without antifungal drugs, is often rewarding. Patients with FTD show elevated blood ethanol levels after fasting glucose challenge. Because of this most authors suggest a fungal cause. Hydrogen generation is a bacterial fermentation product and would only be expected if a bacterial cause was present. It was therefore decided to correlate ethanol and hydrogen production. Design: Statistical comparison of ethanol producers and non-producers with respect to breath hydrogen and symptomatology. Materials and Methods: The gut fermentation profile was performed by gas-liquid chromatography, and measured ethanol, a number of higher alcohols and short-chain fatty acids. Lactulose breath hydrogen estimations were by gas chromatography. Statistics were calculated using Pearson's rank correlation and the chi-squared test, using Microsoft Excel packages. Results: Two groups were studied. The first produced excess ethanol (n~18) and the second (n~20) did not. Both groups included patients producing hydrogen. There was no statistical correlation between levels of ethanol and hydrogen production. Conclusions: If FTD is solely due to yeasts, our ethanol positive group should not produce hydrogen, solely a bacterial ferment, but the ethanol negative group should. If the conventional view, that yeasts do not produce hydrogen as a fermentation product, is correct, it appears from the commonness of breath hydrogen positives in this series that bacterial fermentation is in some way implicated in FTD.

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“…For lower molecular weight polymers, urinary recovery, indicative of systemic absorption of the polymers, accounted for approximately 20 to 36% of the administered dose in animals (Shaffer et al, 1950) and as much as 60% in healthy humans (Shaffer et al, 1950;Chadwick et al, 1977;Delahunty and Hollander, 1986;Oliva et al, 1994;Parlesak et al, 1994;Eaton et al, 1995). In contrast, higher molecular weight polyethylene glycols exhibited lower absorption in humans (Shaffer and Critchfield, 1947;DiPiro et al, 1986;Parlesak et al, 1994;Schiller et al, 1997).…”

Section: Absorption Bioavailability and Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to an application on the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a film coating agent for use in food supplement products

2007

EFSA Journal

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SUMMARYThe Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food has been asked to evaluate the safety in use of polyethylene glycol as a film coating agent for use in food supplement products.Polyethylene glycols are addition polymers of ethylene oxide and water identified by a number approximating to their corresponding molecular weight. The present application is being submitted for six grades of polyethylene glycol (i.e. PEG 400, PEG 3000, PEG 3350, PEG 4000, PEG 6000, and PEG 8000).The extent of polyethylene glycol absorption appears to be dependent on the molecular weight of the specific polymer, such that more complete absorption has been reported for the lower weight polyethylene glycols, while absorption is much more limited in the case of the higher molecular weight polyethylene glycols.Several pre-GLP oral and non-oral, short and long-term animal toxicity studies, as well as a more recent 90-day GLP-compliant animal toxicity study, and a number of mutagenicity tests and human clinical trials have been reported for polyethylene glycols. Together the outcomes of these studies give no reason for concern. The Panel noted that PEG 6000 and PEG 8000 were not included in the carcinogencity studies but given their lower level of absorption than the lower molecular weight PEGs this is not considered a matter of concern.Intake estimates based on the applicant's proposed use levels of polyethylene glycol as a food additive and on conservative assumptions lead to a calculated intake estimate up to 120 mg/day, amounting to 2 mg/kg bw/day assuming 60 kg bw.Additional exposure to polyethylene glycol may also occur from use of pharmaceutical products both tablets and capsules, for which coating with polyethylene glycol-containing films has been approved. Assuming similar levels of use and intake of pharmaceutical products and food supplements per day the combined intake from food supplements and pharmaceutical products would be about 4 mg/kg bw/day.Limited additional exposure in the EU could occur from the approved use of polyethylene glycol 6000 as a carrier for sweeteners, as well as from the use of the PEG in food contact materials. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)The EFSA Journal (2006) 414, 2 of 22The estimated daily intakes of the polyethylene glycols from the use as a coating agent for food supplements are below the ADI of 0-10 mg/kg body weight allocated by JECFA and the group TDI of 5 mg/kg body weight established by the SCF for the polyethylene glycols.

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Gut Permeability Measured by Polyethylene Glycol Absorption in Abnormal Gut Fermentation as Compared with Food Intolerance

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Gastric Acid Production, Pancreatic Secretions and Blood Levels of Higher Alcohols in Patients with Fungal-type Dysbiosis of the Gut

Gastric Acid Production, Pancreatic Secretions and Blood Levels of Higher Alcohols in Patients with Fungal-type Dysbiosis of the Gut

A Comparison of Lactulose Breath Hydrogen Measurements with Gut Fermentation Profiles in Patients with Fungal‐type Dysbiosis

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to an application on the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a film coating agent for use in food supplement products

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