Guy's Hospital.

Evidence suggesting creatine as a new central neurotransmitter: presence in synaptic vesicles, release upon stimulation, effects on cortical neurons and uptake into synaptosomes and synaptic vesicles

“…Henry Dale and colleagues realized similarities of ACh and parasympathetic stimulation 5,18 but it was not until 1929 when ACh was detected in the body 19 and 1934 when ACh was proven a neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) 20–22 . It took nearly 100 years from the finding of the effects of supradrenal gland damage 23 or removal 24 , the observation of an activity in the supradrenal gland 25 , the isolation of an inactive derivative 26–29 , and the successful isolation of adrenaline 30–32 , the notice of similarities between adrenaline and sympathetic stimulation 3,4,33–35 , to the mid-1940s when Ulf von Euler proved that noradrenaline (NA) was the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nerves 36–38 . While it is not easy to establish a molecule as a neurotransmitter in the PNS, it is even harder to establish a central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitter.…”