GWINs: Group-Based Medium Access for Large-Scale Wireless Powered IoT Networks

Abstract

Internet of Things (IoT) provides a framework for interconnecting, controlling and monitoring of real-world objects and smart-devices through sensors. The sensors need energy sources to continuously operate. Since the design and the size constraints may impede a sensor node to have a distinct power source, the Energy Harvesting (EH) techniques emerge to cope with the energy constraint problem. Massive IoT networks with the Radio Frequency (RF) EH capability requires new accessing methods to reduce or mitigate interference and collisions. In this paper, we propose a group-based Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol, where a group head coordinates the corresponding nodes. The group heads working as Hybrid Access Points (HAPs) provide nodes with power and relay their data to the base station (BS). The HAPs use a distributed coordination function (DCF) to access the channel, along with in-group coordinating mechanism. In a group, nodes reduce collisions by using a frame slotted ALOHA to access the medium, with the addition of the EH mechanism. Nodes utilize the harvest-transmit-and-sleep protocol to harvest energy, to transmit information utilizing the harvested energy and to sleep when channel is inactive. We study channel models for different communication environments influencing the usability of RF energy harvesting and examine their impact on the network performance. We aim to mitigate inter-group and intra-group collisions and to provide an energy harvesting and data relaying mechanism in a distributed manner. Performance evaluations are carried out through extensive simulations and the model and analysis are verified. It is shown that the analysis results match well with those of simulations. The proposed distributed group-coordination mechanism achieves significant network performance gain over the conventional schemes. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is shown by the network throughput, and the energy efficiency.INDEX TERMS Internet of Things (IoT), energy harvesting networks (EHN), medium access control (MAC), backscatter tags.

Large-Scale Wireless-Powered Networks With Backscatter Communications—A Comprehensive Survey

“…In [187], in order to provide seamless wireless communications to massively deployed IoT nodes with few or no collisions in WPCNs, coordinating channel access among a large number of sensor nodes in a distributed manner is investigated. The authors proposed a group-based MAC protocol to distribute the sensor nodes into groups based on their co-location.…”

IoT based Investigation of Augment March C _ Algorithm: Heuristic Approach

“…At the end, a fault dictionary is prepared which is connected to display (LCD) for real time monitoring on the application container which allows the application to update concurrently. In this paper, a network device (raspberry pi) [24] is used with data management messaging having MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) IoT protocols for Real-time monitoring [23] [25].…”

Opportunistic Backscatter Communication Protocol Underlying Energy Harvesting IoT Networks

“…, where hn is small scale Rayleigh fading, r is the distance between a device and the HAP, and α is the path loss exponent [31]. The backscatter tags communicate with the reader utilizing the wireless energy signals transmitted by the HAP.…”

“…Let energy harvesting nodes be randomly distributed on the disc D with the radius R. The HAP is located at the center which transmits power to the wireless energy harvesting nodes. The spatial density of point G for node is [31] f…”