Gymnodimine A in mollusks from the north Atlantic Coast of Spain: Prevalence, concentration, and relationship with spirolides

Lamas, J. Pablo; Arévalo, Fabiola; Moroño, Á.; Correa, Jorge; Rossignoli, Araceli E.; Blanco, Juan

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116919

Cited by 18 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Similar to other phycotoxins, a high content of GYMs can accumulate in bivalve mollusks, including in scallops, mussels, oysters, and clams. Shellfish samples contaminated by Toxins 2021, 13, 793 2 of 14 GYMs have been reported in China [8,9], Europe [10,11], Lebanon [12], Mexico [13] and India [14]. Even though a regulatory limit for GYMs in shellfish has not been adopted due to lack of knowledge regarding their toxicological effects on human health, this toxin group has been evaluated by EFSA [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Efficient Extraction Method for Harvesting Gymnodimine-A from Large-Scale Cultures of Karenia selliformis

Tang

Qiu

Wang

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Gymnodimine-A (GYM-A) is a fast-acting microalgal toxin and its production of certified materials requires an efficient harvesting technology from the large-scale cultures of toxigenic microalgae. In this study the recoveries of GYM-A were compared between several liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) treatments including solvents, ratios and stirring times to optimize the LLE technique for harvesting GYM-A from Karenia selliformis cultures, of which the dichloromethane was selected as the extractant and added to microalgal cultures at the ratio 55 mL L−1 (5.5%, v/v). The recovery of GYM-A obtained by the LLE technique was also compared with filtration and centrifugation methods. The stability of GYM-A in culture media were also tested under different pH conditions. Results showed that both the conventional filter filtration and centrifugation methods led to fragmentation of microalgal cells and loss of GYM-A in the harvesting processes. A total of 5.1 µg of GYM-A were obtained from 2 L of K. selliformis cultures with a satisfactory recovery of 88%. Interestingly, GYM-A obviously degraded in the culture media with the initial pH 8.2 and the adjusted pH of 7.0 after 7 days, but there was no obvious degradation in the acidic medium at pH 5.0. Therefore, the LLE method developed here permits the collection of large-volume cultures of K. selliformis and the high-efficiency extraction of GYM-A. This work provides a simple and valuable technique for harvesting toxins from large-scale cultures of GYM-producing microalgae.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Efficient Extraction Method for Harvesting Gymnodimine-A from Large-Scale Cultures of Karenia selliformis

Tang

Qiu

Wang

et al. 2021

Toxins

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“…Therefore they should be reinforced in the near future. Additional studies, supported by PRIMROSE, that aim to evaluate the potential presence of emergent toxins, Cyclic Imines such as Spirolides, Gymnodimine and Pinnatoxins (Villar- Gonzaĺez et al, 2006;Davidson et al, 2015;Otero et al, 2019;Lamas et al, 2021) and Tetrodotoxins (Blanco L. et al, 2019) by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry in non-traditional vectors from the Galician Rias Baixas remain on-going.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Methodologies for Providing In Situ Data to HAB Early Warning Systems in the European Atlantic Area: The PRIMROSE Experience

et al. 2022

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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) cause harm to human health or hinder sustainable use of the marine environment in Blue Economy sectors. HABs are temporally and spatially variable and hence their mitigation is closely linked to effective early warning. The European Union (EU) Interreg Atlantic Area project “PRIMROSE”, Predicting Risk and Impact of Harmful Events on the Aquaculture Sector, was focused on the joint development of HAB early warning systems in different regions along the European Atlantic Area. Advancement of the existing HAB forecasting systems requires development of forecasting tools, improvements in data flow and processing, but also additional data inputs to assess the distribution of HAB species, especially in areas away from national monitoring stations, usually located near aquaculture sites. In this contribution, we review different novel technologies for acquiring HAB data and report on the experience gained in several novel local data collection exercises performed during the project. Demonstrations include the deployment of autonomous imaging flow cytometry (IFC) sensors near two aquaculture areas: a mooring in the Daoulas estuary in the Bay of Brest and pumping from a bay in the Shetland Islands to an inland IFC; and several drone deployments, both of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and of Autonomous Surface vehicles (ASVs). Additionally, we have reviewed sampling approaches potentially relevant for HAB early warning including protocols for opportunistic water sampling by coastguard agencies. Experiences in the determination of marine biotoxins in non-traditional vectors and how they could complement standard routine HAB monitoring are also considered.

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“…A. ostenfeldii can also produce spirolides (reviewed in [38]), but the relatively high levels of 13-desmethyl spirolide C, frequently found in the studied area of the Cantabrian Sea without the concurrent presence of PSTs, suggests that the production of the three groups of toxins by the same species is unlikely. Furthermore, it was suggested in a study of cyclic imines that included, among others, the samples used in this work that several species could be involved in the production of gymnodimine A and 13-desmethyl spirolide C given the existence of two groups of samples with different gymnodimine A/13-desmethyl spirolide C ratios [45]. Nevertheless, the possibility that PSTs and gymnodimine were produced (each of them) by different dinoflagellate species and accumulated by mussels cannot be ruled out.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cyclic imines were extracted from 2 g aliquots of the homogenate following the procedure of Lamas et al [45] and the guidelines of the EU-RL [60]. In brief, the aliquot was vortexed with 9 mL of MeOH for 1 min and centrifuged at 2000× g (4 • C) for 10 min, and the pellet was re-extracted.…”

Section: Cyclic Iminesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Mussels from the Eastern Cantabrian Sea: Toxicity, Toxin Profile, and Co-Occurrence with Cyclic Imines

Rodríguez-Cabo

Moroño

Arévalo

et al. 2021

Toxins

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In the late autumn of 2018 and 2019, some samples taken by the official monitoring systems of Cantabria and the Basque Country were found to be paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)-positive using a mouse bioassay. To confirm the presence of PSP toxins and to obtain their profile, these samples were analyzed using an optimized version of the Official Method AOAC 2005.06 and using LC–MS/MS (HILIC). The presence of some PSP toxins (PSTs) in that geographical area (~600 km of coast) was confirmed for the first time. The estimated toxicities ranged from 170 to 983 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg−1 for the AOAC 2005.06 method and from 150 to 1094 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg−1 for the LC–MS/MS method, with a good correlation between both methods (r2 = 0.94). Most samples contained STX, GTX2,3, and GTX1,4, and some also had NEO and dcGTX2. All of the PSP-positive samples also contained gymnodimine A, with the concentrations of the two groups of toxins being significantly correlated. The PSP toxin profiles suggest that a species of the genus Alexandrium was likely the causative agent. The presence of gymnodimine A suggests that A. ostenfeldii could be involved, but the contribution of a mixture of Alexandrium species cannot be ruled out.

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Gymnodimine A in mollusks from the north Atlantic Coast of Spain: Prevalence, concentration, and relationship with spirolides

Cited by 18 publications

References 42 publications

Development of an Efficient Extraction Method for Harvesting Gymnodimine-A from Large-Scale Cultures of Karenia selliformis

Development of an Efficient Extraction Method for Harvesting Gymnodimine-A from Large-Scale Cultures of Karenia selliformis

Novel Methodologies for Providing In Situ Data to HAB Early Warning Systems in the European Atlantic Area: The PRIMROSE Experience

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Mussels from the Eastern Cantabrian Sea: Toxicity, Toxin Profile, and Co-Occurrence with Cyclic Imines

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