Gynecomastia - Conservative and Surgical Management

Abstract

Gynecomastia is defined as a unilateral or bilateral persistent benign mammary gland enlargement in men. Prevalence of asymptomatic gynecomastia is up to 65%. True gynecomastia must be distinguished from pseudogynecomastia. Typically, in true gynecomastia, a solid tissue mass is palpable below the nipple-areolar complex. Malignant changes such as male mammary carcinoma must always be ruled out. The causes of gynecomastia are diverse. An imbalance of female to male hormones triggers the onset of the disease. This imbalance can be caused by endogenous diseases like hyperthyroidism, chronic liver disease, primary or secondary gonadal failure, androgen resistance syndromes, medication, and drug abuse. A series of heart or hypertension medications can also trigger gynecomastia. A basic requirement of proper therapy planning is knowledge of the triggers and possible drug therapy options. Inquiring about the patient's lifestyle and medication history is essential. Drug therapy with tamoxifen may be considered at an early stage. For gynecomastia persisting over 12 months, surgical excision is the treatment of choice, and there are several surgical options available depending on the grade of the gynecomastia. A thoughtful approach to managing this condition can lead to high patient satisfaction.

Gynecomastia: a study to assess how students perceive this disease

“…The management of gynecomastia is based on the underlying cause for its development, for example if drug-induced then it should be stopped [ 9 ]. If due to chronic illness, it will be relieved by treating the underlying cause [ 2 ].…”

Cutaneous Disorders of the Breast

“…For cases with considerable breast discomfort, treatment with tamoxifen, clomiphene, or danazol is employed. The surgical approach of choice is excision and liposuction via a periareolar incision (Baumann 2018;Soliman et al 2017). subacute stage, spongiosis and vesiculation diminish, and acanthosis increases with parakeratotic horny layer.…”

Liposuction ile Jinekomasti Tedavisi: Klinik Deneyim

“…This proliferation subsequently increases the visibility of normally invisible male breast tissue (4). The incidence of gynecomastia is reported as 32-70% in the literature, and 50% of cases occur bilaterally (1,5,6). In Turkey, Neyzi et al (7) reported this incidence as 7% between ages 9 to 17 whereas Güvenç et al (8) reported as 19.6% unilaterally and 34.6% bilaterally.…”

“…In Turkey, Neyzi et al (7) reported this incidence as 7% between ages 9 to 17 whereas Güvenç et al (8) reported as 19.6% unilaterally and 34.6% bilaterally. There is no identifiable etiologic cause in 25% of gynecomastia cases and the remaining possible causes may be classified as physiological, pathological or drug-related (6). Derangement of hormonal balance in favor of estrogen may cause physiological or pathological gynecomastia (4,6).…”

“…There is no identifiable etiologic cause in 25% of gynecomastia cases and the remaining possible causes may be classified as physiological, pathological or drug-related (6). Derangement of hormonal balance in favor of estrogen may cause physiological or pathological gynecomastia (4,6). Common gynecomastia causes are listed in Table 1 (3,5,9).…”