Gynodioecy and floral dimorphism of Glechoma Longituba (Nakai) Kuprian. (Lamiaceae) in Korea

Floral micromorphology and microsporogenesis of the gynodioecious herb Glechoma longituba (Lamiaceae)

“…Sexual dimorphism between hermaphrodites and females in G. longituba has been reported in both Chinese and Korean populations (Bai et al 2011, Jang andHong 2011). However, previous studies on the floral dimorphism of G. longituba have only focused on differences in flower size, pollen viability, and nutlet production (Zhang et al 2008a, Jang andHong 2011). Additionally, Zhang et al (2008bZhang et al ( , 2009) estimated the frequency of females and nectar robbing rate of G. longituba from China for understanding the maintenance of females in gynodioecious populations.…”

“…individuals with a mixture of female and hermaphroditic flowers). The persistance of a gynomonoecious phenotype in gynodioecious plants, which results in a gynodioecious–gynomonoecious sexual system, has been observed in several wild plant groups, as well as in model organisms (Plack , Ågren and Willson , Koelewijn and Van Damme , Lafuma and Maurice , Zhang et al , Jang and Hong ). Both Glechoma hederacea and G. longituba have been reported earlier as species exhibiting three different phenotypes; hermaphrodites, females, and gynomonoecious individuals (Plack , Zhang et al ).…”

“…have been studied, with focus on the reproductive capacity of gynodioecious plants (Plack 1957, Slade and Hutchings 1989, Widén and Widén 1999, Zhang et al 2008a, 2008b, Zhang et al 2011. Sexual dimorphism between hermaphrodites and females in G. longituba has been reported in both Chinese and Korean populations (Bai et al 2011, Jang andHong 2011). However, previous studies on the floral dimorphism of G. longituba have only focused on differences in flower size, pollen viability, and nutlet production (Zhang et al 2008a, Jang andHong 2011).…”

“…Male sterility in gynodioecy has arisen independently in at least 71 angiosperm families as spontaneous mutants in natural populations (Laser and Lersten ). Pollen sterility often occurs in gynodioecious species, including G. longituba , that often has pistillate flowers with sterile, reduced anthers (Jang and Hong ). Hidalgo et al () stated that the differential development of female and gynomonoecious phenotypes is associated with the tapetum layer during microsporogenesis and may affect the pollen sterility in gynodioecy.…”

“…Hidalgo et al () stated that the differential development of female and gynomonoecious phenotypes is associated with the tapetum layer during microsporogenesis and may affect the pollen sterility in gynodioecy. Although major advances have been focused on reproductive compensation (Zhang et al , , Jang and Hong ), little attention has been paid to investigating the microsporogenesis of Glechoma .…”