Gynura root induces hepatic veno-occlusive disease: A case report and review of the literature

Dai, Ning; Yu, Y.L.; Ren, Tianhua; Wu, Jiaguo; Jiang, Yuan; Shen, Lai-Gen; Zhang, Jing

doi:10.3748/wjg.v13.i10.1628

Cited by 75 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The woman had ingested a selfmade remedy, prepared under heating and containing three slices of root of Gynura segetum (about 2 g per day) and rice wine, for 3 months before admission. (Dai et al, 2007).…”

Section: Case Reportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed

2011

EFS2

226

130

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The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked by the European Commission to deliver a scientific opinion on pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) in food and feed. PAs are toxins exclusively biosynthesised by plants. To date, approximately 600 different PAs are known. Results for 13,280 bulk honey and 1324 retail honey samples were provided to EFSA by one Member State and 351 feed samples were provided by a second Member State. The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) performed estimates of both acute and chronic exposure to PAs through honey for three different age groups. Although there might be other sources of PA exposure, due to lack of data the CONTAM Panel was not able to quantify dietary exposure from food other than honey. A number of PAs were identified as being of particular importance for food and feed. Based on the present knowledge of metabolism, activation, DNA adduct-formation, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, the CONTAM Panel concluded that 1,2-unsaturated PAs may act as genotoxic carcinogens in humans. Therefore, the CONTAM Panel decided to apply the Margin of Exposure (MOE) approach. A benchmark dose lower confidence limit for a 10 % excess cancer risk (BMDL 10 ) of 70 µg/kg b.w. per day for induction of liver haemangiosarcomas by lasiocarpine in male rats was calculated as the reference point for comparison with the estimated dietary exposure. The CONTAM Panel concluded that there is a possible health concern for those toddlers and children who are high consumers of honey. There is generally a low risk of PA poisoning in livestock and companion animals in the EU as most PA poisonings reported recently are due to accidental exposure. © European Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feedEFSA Journal 2011;9(11):2406 2 SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) in food and feed. PAs are toxins exclusively biosynthesised by plants. They are typical plant secondary metabolites against herbivores. It has been estimated that approximately 6000 plant species world wide, representing 3 % of all flowering plants, may contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids. PAs are mainly found in the distantly related angiosperm families of the Boraginaceae (all genera), Asteraceae (tribes Senecioneae and Eupatorieae) and Fabaceae (genus Crotalaria). The PA-content of plant material depends on a large number of factors (species, plant organ, harvest, storage, extraction procedures). Reported contents vary from trace amounts up to 19 % based on dry weight. The name pyrrolizidine is the chemical description of two-fused 5-membered rings with a nitrogen atom at the bridgehead. This motif is the central structure of a variety of PAs. PAs generally consist of an amino alcohol which is referred to as necine or necine base and an acid part which is called a necic acid. Most of the known PAs are este...

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Section: Case Reportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed

2011

EFS2

226

130

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“…The leaf of G. procumbens is not toxic (Rosidah et al 2009) and it has been used in folk medicine to control the blood sugar level of diabetic patients (Akowuah et al 2002). In traditional Chinese medicine, the roots of Gynura species have been consumed for promoting microcirculation and relieving pain (Dai et al 2007). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…G. segetum has been reported to contain a number of pyrrolizidine alkaloids such as senecionine, seneciphylline, and seniciphyllinine (Qi et al 2009). It was presumed that pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Gynura roots might be responsible for the hepatoxicity (Dai et al 2007). Consequently, using this plant as an herbal product bears a risk of causing liver failure if the wrong species rich in pyrrolizidine alkaloids are used or when pyrrolizidine alkaloids content is increased due to cultivation or environmental conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction, characterization, and NMR-based metabolic profiling of adventitious root cultures from leaf explants of Gynura procumbens

Saiman

Mustafa

Schulte³

et al. 2012

Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult

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Gynura procumbens is a medicinal plant used in South East Asia to treat various ailments such as rash, hemorrhoids, inflammation, and diabetes. In order to develop a large-scale culture system for G. procumbens biomass containing bioactive compounds, adventitious root cultures were initiated from leaf explants. Murashige and Skoog (MS) media containing different compositions of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 1-naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA), and combinations of both plant growth regulators (PGRs) were evaluated for root induction. A combination of 3 mg/l NAA ? 1 mg/l IBA gave the highest root induction (48%) as compared to other PGRs treatments after 9 weeks of incubation period. Subsequently, the adventitious roots were established in liquid culture containing MS medium and the combination of 3 mg/l NAA ? 1 mg/l IBA. A study on the medium strength, sucrose concentration, pH, and light versus dark was conducted to optimize the in vitro culture conditions. The results showed that differences in MS medium strength from half to double strength, and light or dark condition did not significantly affect the biomass production, while the initial medium pH of 5.5 and 2% w/v sucrose concentration were most suitable for the root culture growth. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was performed to characterize the metabolite content in the root cultures of G. procumbens. Among the elucidated metabolites were some phenylpropanoids identified as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid which might be the bioactive compounds associated to the folk use of this plant.

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“…3) F i g u r e 3 A. P a t h o l o g i c a l r e s u l t : t h e s p e c i me n wa s c o v e r e d wi t h a l a r g e n u mb e r o f me l a n o ma c e l l s (He ma t o x y l i n a n d E o s i n s t a i n i n g , o r i g i n a l ma g n i f i c a t i o n × 4 0 0 ) (16 (2,3,18,19). The increasing size of the liver ruled out fulminant hepatitis as a cause, since the liver would be expected to shrink in a patient with fulminant hepatitis (20).…”

Section: F I G U R E 2 Ma G N E T I C R E S O N a N C E I Ma G I N mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diffuse Liver Infiltration by Melanoma of Unknown Primary Origin: One Case Report and Literature Review

Guo

Chen

et al. 2009

Intern. Med.

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Gynura root induces hepatic veno-occlusive disease: A case report and review of the literature

Cited by 75 publications

References 11 publications

Scientific Opinion on Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed

Scientific Opinion on Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed

Induction, characterization, and NMR-based metabolic profiling of adventitious root cultures from leaf explants of Gynura procumbens

Diffuse Liver Infiltration by Melanoma of Unknown Primary Origin: One Case Report and Literature Review

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